JBRMR 2056-6271 https://doi.org/10.24052/JBRMR/ 9 Volume 02 Issue 2 2008-04-01

68 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=68 2012-02-28 The retail sector in transitional markets such as Latvia represents the fastest growing retail market in the European Union (Baltic Business News, 2007) but countries such as Latvia also possess a retail consumer base that is ethnically divided. One of the legacies of the Soviet Union is the approximately 25 million ethnic Russians that live in the former non-Russian Republics of the Soviet Union. Ethnic Russians, and by extension, ethnic Russian consumers, represent a non-trivial market within these newly independent states. Although the ethnic Russian minority literature embodies a large field of inquiry, no known studies have examined this phenomenon in terms of empirical international consumer research. This study presents the findings of consumer shopping surveys, divided along ethnic lines, Latvian and Russian, in the capital city of Riga, in the former Soviet Republic of Latvia. The research findings indicate that there are both similarities and differences in shopping behaviour when analyzed along ethnic lines. The survey findings were based upon actual consumer shopping experiences at the two major hypermarkets operating in Riga, Maxima and Rimi. The findings indicate that ethnic consumers reactions to service quality drivers and responses to service delivery, provides meaningful insight for store planning (both physical location, and in-store), sales training (cultural understandings) differ, and that store policy development (product returns and exchanges, stated v Baltic Business News (2007). Latvia reports the steepest retail trade growth in EU, Newsletter, June 6, pg. 4 Brown-McCabe, D., Rosenbaum, M.S., & Yurchisin, J. (2007). Perceived Service Quality and Shopping Motivations: A Dynamic Relationship. Services Marketing  Quarterly. 29, 1, pp. 1-21. Chinn, J., & Kaiser, R. (1996). Russians as the New Minority: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the    Soviet Successor States, Boulder, CO., Westview Press Inc. Craig, C.S., & Douglas, S.P. (2001). Conducting international marketing research in the     twenty-first century. International Marketing Review, 18, 1, pp. 80-90. Dabholkar, P.A., Thorpe, D.I., & Rentz, J.O. (1996). A measure of service quality for retail stores: Scale development and validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24, 1, pp. 3-16. Dutkina, G. (1996). Moscow days: Life and hard times in the new Russia. Kodansha America  Inc. Fiore, A.M. & Kim, J. (2007). An integrative framework capturing experiential and utilitarian shopping experience. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 35, 6, pp. 421-442. Hair Jr., J.F., Babin, B., Money, A.H., & Samouel, P. (2003). Essentials of business research methods.  Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Sons Inc. Hancock, G.R. & Klockars, A.J. (1991). The effect of scale manipulations on validity: targeting frequency rating scales for anticipated performance levels, Applied Ergonomics 22, pp. 147–154. Inglehart, R., Basanez, M., Diez-Medrano, J., Halman L., & Luijkx, R. (2004). Human Beliefs and Values. Mexico City: Siglo XXI. Kinsey, J. (1994). Marketing in developing countries. London, UK: Macmillan Education Ltd. Kolstø, Pal (1995). Russians in the Former Soviet Republics. Bloomington and Indianapolis. Kotabe, M., & Helsen, K. (2004). Global marketing management, (3rd Edition). NJ: John Wiley     and Sons Inc.  Kumar, V. (2000).  International marketing research.  Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Levinson, D. (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Pheonix, AZ:    Oryx Press. Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. Retrieved October 8, 1997, from Maxima Web Site. http://www.maxima.lt/McDaniel, C., & Gates, R. (2004). Marketing research essentials, (4th Edition). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. McKenzie, B. (2006). Retail service quality success factors in Estonia: A qualitative approach. Baltic Journal of Management, 1/3, pp. 352-369. McKenzie, B., and Merrilees, B. (2003), Retail Service Quality in Transition Economies: An Exploratory Study, in Proceedings of the World Marketing Congress, Marketing Across     Borders and Boundaries, Perth, Western Australia, June. Mueller, R., & Mueller, J. (1996). Consumer perceptions of food distribution effectiveness in the     Czech republic. International Review of Retail, Distribution, and Consumer Research, 6, 2, pp. 161-179. Oliver, R.L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63, pp. 33-44  Parasuraman, A., Berry, L.L., & Zeithaml, V.A. (1991). Refinement and reassessment of The SERVQUAL scale. Journal of Retailing, 67, 4, pp. 420-450. Peñaloza, L. (1994). Atravensando Fronteras/Border Crossings: A Critical Ethnographic Exploration of the Consumer Acculturation of Mexican Immigrants. Journal of Consumer Research 21, pp. 32-54. Pires, G., & Stanton, P.J. (2005). Ethnic Marketing: Accepting the challenge of cultural     diversity.  London, UK: Thomson Publishing. Reichheld, F.F. (1996). The loyalty effect: The hidden force behind a lasting value. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Remnick, D. (1997). Resurrection. New York: Random House. Rimi Web Site. http://www.rimibaltic.com/ Rinne, H., & Swinyard, W.R. (1995). Segmenting the discount store market: The domination of the ‘difficult discounter core’. International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 5, 2, pp. 123-145. Wong, A., & Sohal, A. (2003). Service quality and customer loyalty perspectives on two levels of retail relationships. Journal of Services Marketing, 17, 4/5, pp. 495-511. Zikmund, W.G. (2003). Business research methods, (7th Edition). Ohio: South-Western  Publishing. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-19-06-52-PM.pdf Brent McKenzie, PhD Shopping Behaviour Latvia Ethnicity Demographics 596563 46 0

69 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=69 2012-02-28 The purpose of this study is to examine the role price as a determining factor in consumer patronage of grocery retail stores in the United Kingdom. A cross-section of grocery consumers (n = 250) constitutes the sample for the study. Grocery stores were grouped and stores were selected for the study on the basis of the variety of grocery stores offers the consumers. A mail survey was used to investigate price perceptions and store choice across three different retail formats. Respondents were grouped into high and low groups for each of the price cue factors. The groups were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for each price construct at each level of the dependent variable for store choice. Findings suggest that price cues affect consumer store choice. Price awareness positively impact patronage of retail stores that implement low cost strategies, while status sensitivity and price/quality plan tend to positively impact patronage of retail stores that implement higher price strategies. As the UK grocery market becomes saturated consumers tend to take advantage of price competition. This is particularly important when communicating store pricing policy to the target consumers Bell, D.R., Lattin, J.M. (1998), "Shopping behaviour and consumer preference for store price format: why large basket shoppers prefer EDLP", Marketing Science, Vol. 17 No.1, pp.66-88 Biswas, A., Pullig, C., Yagchi, M.I., Dean, D.H. (2002), "Consumer evaluation of low price guarantees: the moderating role of reference pricing and store image", Journal of Consumer Psychology, Vol. 12 No.2, pp.107-18.  Brucks, M., Zeithaml, V.A., Naylor, G. (2000), "Price and brand name as indicators of quality dimensions for consumer durables", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 28 No.3, pp.359 Bucklin, L.P. (1966), "Testing propensities to shop", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 30 No.1, pp.22-7.  Cassill, N.L., Williamson, N.C. (1994), "Department store cross-choppers", Journal of Applied Business Research, Vol. 10 No.4, pp.88-96.  Cort, S.G., Dominguez, L.V. (1977-1978), "Cross shopping as incremental business in concentric growth strategies", Journal of Retailing, Vol. 53 No.4, pp.316  Cronbach, L. (1951), "Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests", Psychometrica, Vol. 16 pp.297-334 Dawar, N., Parker, P. (1994), "Marketing universals: consumers' use of brand name, price, physical appearance and retailer reputation as signals of product quality", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58 No.2, pp.81-95.  Dodds, W.B. (1995), "Market cues affect on consumers' product evaluations", Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 3 No.2, pp.50-63.  Finn, A., Louviere, J.J. (1996), "Shopping centre image, consideration, and choice: anchor store contribution", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 35 No.3, pp.241-51.  Fox, E.J., Montgomery, A.L., Lodish, L.M. (2004), "Consumer shopping and spending across retail formats", Journal of Business, Vol. 77 No.2, pp.s25-s60.  Grewal, D., Marmorstein, H., Sharma, A. (1996), "Communicating price information through semantic cues: the effects of store name, brand name, and price discounts on consumers' evaluation of purchase intentions", Journal of Retailing, Vol. 74 No.3, pp.148-55.  Grewal, D., Monroe, K., Krishnan, R. (1998), "The effects of price comparison advertising on buyers' perceptions of acquisition value and transaction value", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 62 No.2, pp.46-59  Grewal, D., Krishnan, R., Baker, J., Borin, N. (1998), "The effects of store name, brand name, and price discounts on consumers' evaluations and purchase intentions", Journal of Retailing, Vol. 74 No.3, pp.331-52.  Keen, C., Wetzels, M., de Ruyter, K., Feinberg, R. (2004), "E-tailers versus retailers: which factors determine consumer preferences?" Journal of Business Research, Vol. 57 No.7, pp.685-95 Lichtenstein, D.R., Netemeyer, R.G., Burton, S. (1990), "Distinguishing coupon proneness from value consciousness: an acquisition-transaction utility theory perspective", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54 No.3, pp.54-67.  Lichtenstein, D.R., Ridgway, N.M., Netemeyer, R.G. (1993), "Price perceptions and consumer shopping behaviour: a field study", Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 30 No.2, pp.234-45.  McGowan, K., Sternquist, B. (1998), "Dimensions of price as a marketing universal: a comparison of Japanese and US consumers", Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 6 No.4, pp.49-65.  Monroe, K., Krishnan, R. (1985), "The effect of price on subjective product evaluations", in Jacoby, J., Olson, J.C. (Eds), Perceived Quality: How Consumers View Stores and Merchandise, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA, pp.209-32 Nunnally, J.C., Bernstein, I.H. (1994), Psychometric Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.  Omar, O.E. (1999) Retail Marketing, London: FT/Prentice Hall. Olson, J.C. (1977), "Price as an informational cue: effects on product evaluations", in Woodside, A.G., Sheth, J.N., Bennet, P.D. (Eds),Consumer and Industrial Buying Behaviour, North Holland, New York, NY, pp.267-86.  Price, L.L., Feick, L.F., Guskey-Federouch, A. (1988), "Couponing behaviours of the market maven: profile of a super couponer", Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 15 pp.354-9.  Rao, A., Monroe, K.B. (1989), "The effect of price, brand name and store name on buyers' perception of product quality: an integrative review", Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 26 No.3, pp.351-7.  Richardson, D., Dick, A.S., Jain, A.K. (1994), "Extrinsic and intrinsic cue effects on perceptions of store brand quality", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58 No.4, pp.28-36 Seiders, K., Costley, C.L. (1994), "Price awareness of consumers exposed to intense retail rivalry: a field study", Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 21 pp.79-85.  Sharma, A., Krishnan, R. (2002), "Clicks only, clicks and bricks, and bricks only: are retail salespeople an important factor in choice?", Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 18 No.3-4, pp.317-36.  Stephenson, P.R. (1969), "Identifying determinants of retail patronage", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 33 No.3, pp.57-61 Sweeney, J.C., Soutar, G.N. (2001), "Consumer perceived value: the development of a multiple item scale", Journal of Retailing, Vol. 77 No.2, pp.203-20.  Tellis, G.J., Gaeth, G.J. (1990), "Best value, price seeking and price aversion: the impact of information and learning on consumer choices", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54 No.2, pp.34-45.  Urbany, J.E., Bearden, W.O., Weilbaker, D.C. (1988), "The effect of plausible and exaggerated references prices on consumer perceptions and price search", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 15 No.1, pp.95-110.  Williams, J., Dardis, R. (1972), "Shopping behaviour for soft goods and marketing strategies", Journal of Retailing, Vol. 48 No.3, pp.32-42  Yavas, U. (2003), "A multi-attribute approach to understanding shopper segments", International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 31 No.11, pp.541-8 Zeithaml, V.A. (1988), "Consumer perceptions of price, quality and value: a means-end model and synthesis of evidence", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 52 No.3, pp.2-22. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-19-07-45-PM.pdf Professor Ogenyi Omar Kareem O. Abisoye Pricing pricing strategies grocery retailing consumer behaviour 587220 48 0

70 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=70 2012-02-28 With retailers looking to adopt a customer-centric strategy to succeed in the hyper-competitive environment, it is vital to understand the impact of such a strategy on a retailer’s business functions. While the impact on merchandising is well understood in terms of sharper assortment and improved presentation, the impact on supply chain needs to be studied in detail. This would ensure the alignment of customer-centricity with the organization’s overall direction and growth of revenues and profitability while increasing customer satisfaction levels https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-19-08-35-PM.pdf Rahul Tyagi Customer-centricity merchandising assortment planning supply chain space planning planogram logistics retail strategy 572427 42 0

71 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=71 2012-02-28 Owning one’s own home is one of the defining elements of the Indian dream. But, only a few years ago, this part of the dream seemed to be fading away. After 50 years of continuous progress, homeownership has become achievable, and the Nation’s home-ownership rate has risen. Making homeownership more attainable has become the goal of banking and non Banking Financial Institutions. A prerequisite for consumers to make good decisions is to have all the relevant information about the decision at hand. Decisions are taken on the basis of the perception individual has. Addressing this issue, the purpose of this study is to investigate what perception consumers have when they search for information, particularly when looking for a home loan. The study has made an attempt to find out the underlying factors of perception of Home Loan borrowers. Also the study has compared the difference in the perception among different age and income groups. The insights gained from this analysis will guide individuals to more effective ways to help consumers choose a home loan, and, will also act as a guide for Home loan providers to know on what basis perception is formed Avery, R. B., Bostic, R.W., Calem, P.S. & Canner, G.B. (1996), Credit risk, credit scoring, and the performance of home mortgages. Federal Reserve Bulletin, 82, 21-648. Basu, P. (2006), “Improving Access to Finance for India’s Rural Poor”, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., pp 119. Berry, L.L. (1983), Relationship Marketing, in Berry, L.L. Shostack, GL and Upha, GD (Eds),Emerging Perspectives in Service Marketing, American Marketing Association, Chicago,II, pp.- 25-8. Buchner DM, Cress ME, de Lauter BJ et al., (1997), The effect of strength and endurance training on gait, balance, fall risk and health service use in community living older adults. J. Gerontol.1997; 52A:218-214M. Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, Gardner MM et al (1997), Randomised controlled trial of a general practice programme of home based exercise to prevent falls in elderly women. BMJ, 315: 1065-9.  Canner, G. B., W. Passmore, and B. J. Surette,(1996), “Distribution of credit risk among providers of mortgages to lower-income and minority homebuyers”, Federal Reserve Bulletin 82(December): 1077-1102. Case, Bradford, and Anne B. Schnare. (1994), “Preliminary Evaluation of the HECM Reverse Mortgage Program”,Journal of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association 22(2):301–46. Engel, J. F., D. T. Kollat and R. D. Blackwel(1968), “Consumer Behavior, New York, N.Y.: Holt,Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Ferguson, Bruce, (1996) “The environmental impacts and public costs of unguided informal settlement;the case of Montego Bay” in Environment and Urbanization vol. 8, No. 2, October 1996. Gabriel, S. & Rosenthal, S. (1991), Credit rationing, race, and the mortgage market. Journal of Urban Economics, 29(3), 317-379. Hoek-Smit, Marja, Douglas Smit and Claude Bovet,(1998), “Housing Finance and Housing Subsidies in Barbados. Prepared under contract with the Government of Barbados for a contract of the IDB.May 1998. Howard, J. A. and J. N. Sheth,(1969), “ The Theory of Buyer Behavior, New York, NY: Wiley. IDRC Foundation, Building 4 IDRC’s Future: Workforce, Workplace, Wall Street and the Web,Norcross, GA: IDRC Foundation, 1998. Jeanne M. Hogarth and Marianne A. Hilgert (2001), Financial Counseling and Planning Volume 12(1), 2001 Jeanne M. Hogarth and Marianne A. Hilgert (2002), Financial Counseling and Planning Volume 13(1), 2002 Johnston, R. Barry and Ceyla Pazarbasioglu (1995), “Linkages Between Financial Variables, Financial Sector Reforms and Economic Growth and Efficiency”, IMF Working Paper WP/95/103, Washington Kahilu kajimo-shakantu and Kathy evans, (2005), “The Role Of Banks In The Provision Of Low Income Housing Finance In South Africa: Can They Play A Different Role?, International Journal of Strategic Property Management (2006) 10, 23–38 Linneman, Peter and Susan M. Wachter, (1989),. “The impacts of borrowing constraints on homeownership.” AREUEA Journal 17 (Winter 1989): 389–402. Money Magazine March, (2005).  Nicosa, F. M., (1966), “ Consumer Decision Processes”, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Pillay, A. and Naude, W. A. (2005) Financing Low-income housing in South Africa: Borrower experiences and perceptions of banks. Habitat International, In Press, 29(3), Online, [accessed 2005 09 05]. RBI. 2006. Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India, 2005-06. Reserve Bank of India, New Delhi.  R. Glenn Hubbard,Kenneth N. Kuttner, and Darius N. Palia Number 78 (June) Are There “Bank Effects” in Borrowers” Costs of Funds? Evidence from a Matched sample of Borrowers and Banks. Rutherford, S (2000), The Poor and Their Money, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Scanlon, Edward. Homeownership and its Impacts: Implications for Housing Policy for Low-Income Families. Washington University, Center for Social Development. Working Paper No.96-2. St. Louis: 1996. Schiffman Leon G. and Leslie Lazar Kanuk, (2007), page no. 150-162. Consumer Behavior ninth edition. Smit, W. (2003), "Housing finance policy in South Africa", in Khan, F., Thring, P. (Eds),Housing Policy and Practice in Post-Apartheid South Africa, Heinemann, Sandown, pp.166-91.  Vaidyanathan, A. (2006), “Why financial system must legitimise moneylenders”,The Hindu Business Line, 19 October 2006.  Vercammen, James, (1995), “Credit Bureau Policy and Sustainable Reputation Effects in Credit Markets.” Economica.London School of Economics and Political Science.  Vol. 62, Pg. 461-478. Zorn, P. M. (1993), “ The impact of mortgage qualification criteria on households' housing decisions: An empirical analysis using microeconomic data”, Journal of Housing Economics, 3 (1), 51-75. Links  (www.hypo.org/Content/Default.asp) (27-mar-2007) (www.bankdirect.co.nz/section90.asp). (28-mar-2007) (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan) (01-april-2007) (www.ny.frb.org/rmaghome) (16-may-2007)   https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-19-09-44-PM.pdf Ms. Tarika Singh Ms. Seema Mehta Mr. Nishchaya Vaswani Mr. Piyush Mangal Perception Loan Home Loan etc 577421 53 0

72 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=72 2012-02-28 E-Tail, or Internet based retailing, has emerged as an innovative channel for retailers to reach target consumers in the comfort of their homes. E-Tailing has exhibited an upward trend across the world in recent years, though it’s more prevalent in certain regions such as Europe and North America. With varying levels of Internet penetration, telecom infrastructure, the business and legal environment, e-tailing is at varying stages of maturity in countries across the globe. In order to objectively compare the actual preparedness of various countries to exploit their potential for e-tail, an analytical model was built using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This model returns a numeric value, coined as the e-Tail Readiness Index. A set of countries were subsequently ranked on the basis of this index. As expected, while the more developed countries of Europe and North America occupied the top slots, the emerging economies of Eastern Europe and Latin America occupied the middle slots. Surprisingly, India and China figured right at the bottom of the heap (2005). ‘ACNielsen Announces One-Tenth of the World’s Population Shopping Online: 627 Million People Have, including 325 Million in the Last Month’. ACNielsen News Release Retrieved from http://www2.acnielsen.com/news/20051019.shtml on December 22, 2007  (2002). Canadian IT Law Newsletter. Canadian IT Law association Retrieved from http://www.it-can.ca/newsletters/040402.pdf  on December 22, 2007 (2003). Annexure on Principal Component Analysis. Department of Information Technology, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India Retrieved from http://www.mit.gov.in/download/ANNEX_242-254.PDF on December 22, 2007  (2005). the 2005 E-Readiness Rankings. The Economist Intelligence Unit and the IBM Institute for Business Value – White Paper Retrieved from http://graphics.eiu.com/files/ad_pdfs/2005Ereadiness_Ranking_WP.pdf on December 22, 2007 The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Database – http://www.eiu.com https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-19-10-40-PM.pdf Soumitra Sharma E-Tail Principal Component Analysis E-Tail Readiness Index 571060 41 0

73 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=73 2012-02-28 Affiliate marketing concept as a new paradigm of the 21st century has captured the imagination of businesses world over, Thousands of businesses world wide have devoted a great amount of resources to this new invention in order to sign up as many affiliates as possible, and those with successful affiliate marketing programs boast about the successes so far made. Since the emergence of internet marketing in the second half of the 1990’s, businesses have established hundreds –if not thousands of affiliate marketing websites that are continually feeding them with potential customers hour by hour, day by day. This concept has also given rise to a new brand of entrepreneur initiatives in form of business connections where referral websites have become extremely adept at attracting high quality commercial traffic with significant turnovers. While business has, and continues to boom in this case scenario, it appears to be greatly so in the developed western markets where as the developing world is yet to sense the light in this opportunity tunnel. How this business marketing concept is developed and adopted , and whether the developing south is yet to catch up and share its part of the cake is the issue this paper sets out to examine Elizabeth Daniel, Hugh Wilson, Malcolm McDonald, John Ward, 2001: Marketing Strategy in the Digital Age; Exploiting E-commerce in your Business. Prentice Hall, Great Britain Ch 4 p 37, Ch 8 Jane Henry, David Mayle, 2002: Managing Innovation and Change. The Open University, Sage Publications, London, US, New Delhi, pp. 265-275 Jeffrey F. Rayport, Bernard J. Jaworski, 2002: Cases in E-Commerce. McGraw Hill / Irwin Market Space U. Ch 1 Pp 13, Ch 8 John J Wild, Kenneth L. Wild & Jerry C Y Han, 2001: International Business –An Integrated Approach; E-business Updated Edition. Prentice Hall, Pearson Publishing pp 12, 378-379 Pearce and Robinson, 2006: Formulation, Implementation, and Control of competitive Strategy. Ninth Edition McGraw Hill, New York. Pp 313-314. Renald L, Chaintali Sinha, 2005: E-Commerce in the Asian context. ISEAS Publications Singapore, Ch 4 and 5 Simon Goldschmidt, Sven Junghagen, Uri Harris, 2003: Strategic Affiliate Marketing. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Massachusetts USA; Parts 1, and 11pp 49 Websites/working papers: World Development indicators, 2007: The information age. World Bank website publication / database OECD  Key ICT Indicators [www.oecd.org/org/sti/ICTindicators] Consumers in the Online Market place- Committee on Consumer Policy; Berlin, 13-14 March 2001: OECD Secretariat https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-19-11-24-PM.pdf Geoffrey Tumwesigye Charles Nkansah-Asamoah . 566097 47 0

74 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=74 2012-02-28 This study examines if Human Resource Planning (HRP) is used effectively in organisations to achieve organisational goals. The aims and objectives are to explore HRP as useful in achieving organising goal and improving business performance and as important in forecasting on employees, the origins of and Conceptual frameworks for HRP. It discusses key perspectives of HRP, approaches to forecasting future HR demands and its internal and external supply. The purpose of HRP and its importance to organisations are explored. It argues the need for futuristic, scientific HRP, driven by increased technology and globalization of the economy, suggesting factors relevant for consideration by way of recommendations and conclusion Apedoe-Dzidza, D.Y (2006), Human Resource Planning in Organisation. An Unpublished MBA dissertation submitted to Staffordshire University, UK. Armstrong M. (2005):  A Handbook of personnel Management practice. 5th edition, Kogan page Ltd., London Bartholomew, D.J, Forbes, A.F (1991), Statistical Techniques for Manpower Planning, 2nd Ed, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. Bartholomew, D.J. (1967). Stochastic Models for Social Processes, John Willey & Sons, Chichester.  Beach D (2001) Personnel, The Management of People at Work. MacMillan Publising Co., New York Bennison, M, Casson, J (1984), The Manpower Planning Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY,   Bhatti, M.I, Kumar, K, Schofield, M (1998), "On Deming’s principle of human resource management: a statistical perspective", Career Development International, Vol. 3 No.6, pp.220-26.  Block P (2000), Compensation Management in a knowledge based world … Buchanan and McCalman (1989). International Journal of Information Management Vol. 22 pages 325-341 Blunt P. and Popoola O.(1990) personnel Management in Africa. Longman London Bowey, A (1974), A Guide to Manpower Planning, Macmillan, London,  Bramham, J. (1999), Practical Manpower Planning, 4th ed., Institute of Personnel Management, London,   Castley, R.J (1996), "Policy-focused approach to manpower planning", International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 17 No.3, pp.15-24.  Gill, P (1996), "The importance of workforce planning in the NHS in the 1990s", Health Manpower Management, Vol. 22 No. 2,  Graham H.T, Bennett R. (1998) Frameworks: Human Resources Management, 9th Ed. Financial Times Pitman Publishing, London.  Holden L Beardwell I. and (2001) Human Resource Management, Pitman Publishing co. Hussey D (1982) ‘’Corporate Planning: Theory & Practice 2nd Ed. Oxford: pergamon. Keenay, G.A, Morgan, R.W, Ray, K.H (1980), "The Camel model: a model for career planning in a hierarchy", in Smith, A.R (Eds), Corporate Manpower Planning, Gower, Westmead, pp.112-25.  Khoong, C.M (1996), "An integrated system framework and analysis methodology for manpower planning", International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 17 No.1, pp.26-46  Lawrence, J.R (1980), "Manpower and personnel models in Britain", in Smith, A.R (Eds),Corporate Manpower Planning, Gower, Westmead, pp.18-46.  Manzini, A.O. (1988), "Integrating Human Resource Planning and Development: The Unification of Strategic, Operational, and Human Resource Planning Systems", Human Resource Planning, Vol. 11 No.2, pp.79-94.  Margerison, C (1991), "Management development policies and practices", Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 15 No.4, pp.29-31  Mayo, A (1990), "Linking manpower planning and management development", Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 22 No.3, pp.3-12 Marchington M. and Wilkinson A., (2002) People Management and Development, Human Resource Management at Work 2nd ed., Cromwell Press, Wiltshire  Marchington, M. & Wilkinson, A (1996), Core Personnel and Development, Institute of Personnel and Development, London, McClean, S (1991), "Manpower planning models and their estimation", European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 51 No.2, pp.179-87 Mugtada, M. & Hildeman, A (1993), Labour Markets and Human Resource Planning in Asia: Perspectives and Evidence, International Labour Organization, Geneva  Parker, B, Caine, D (1996), "Hollonic modelling: human resource planning and the two faces of Janus", International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 17 No.8, pp.30-45.  Raghavendra, B.G (1991), "A bivariate model for Markov manpower planning system", Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 42 No.7, pp.565-70 Rahman bin Idris, A, Eldridge, D (1998), "Reconceptualising human resource planning in response to institutional change", International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 19 No.5, pp.343-357.  Rousseau, D.M, Arthur, M.B (1999), "The boundaryless human resource function: building agency and community in the new economic era", Organizational Dynamics, pp.7-18.  Stainer G (1971) ‘’Manpower Planning’’ London: Heinemann. Smith, A.R. (1971), models of Manpower systems, Elsevier Publishing Company, New York. Torrington, D, Hall, L (1995), Personnel Management: Human Resource Management in Action, Prentice-Hall, London.   Verhoeven, C.J (1982), Techniques in Corporate Manpower Planning, Kluwer, Boston, MA.  Walker, J.W (1999), "What makes a great human resource strategy?", Human Resource Planning, Vol. 22 No.1, pp.11-14.  Zeffane, R, Mayo, G (1994), "Rightsizing: the strategic human resource management challenge of the 1990s", Management Decision, Vol. 32 No.9, pp.5-9. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-19-12-16-PM.pdf Rita Dzigbordi Haligah Dina Yawa Apedoe-Dzidza Dr. Dominic Kwaku Danso Mensah . 583565 67 0

75 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=75 2012-02-28 Any business enterprise ceteris paribus is in it to make profits and minimise losses, save a charity. Hence, the activities and the management of the people are directed towards an end, towards meeting certain goals (Mullin, 1999). However the organisation’s real estate decisions would be plausible if such are geared towards supporting the overall business objectives of the organisation in question. In that regard, objectives could be realised if conscious effort is made to understand how real estate strategy supports corporate strategy and the sub-strategies for component elements of the organisation, then subsequently, how specific real estate operating decisions support the real estate strategy. It is, therefore, imperative that an organisation ensures that its corporate business goals consciously align with its real estate, construction and facilities programme. It is then that the above goals would be realised British American Tobacco Company Limited (BAT) Takoradi, Annual General Meeting, (AGM) Report, Takoradi, 2001, Ghana  Balch W. F. (1994) An Integrated Approach to Property and Facilities Management, Facilities, Vol. 12 No. 1 Bodrozic, J., (2005). Aligning Facility Portfolios with Corporate Business Strategy,  Building Services Professional Cochrane, P. (1995) The information way, First Institute of Direct Marketing Symposium, Institute of Direct Marketing, Teddington DTZ Holding PLC http:// www.dtz.com  visited between Jan- May, 2007  Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC) Act, 1994  (Act 478) Lawrence P. R. and J. R. Lorsch (1967) Organisation and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration, Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press  Lax D. A. and J. K. Sebenius (1986) The Manager as a Negotiator, New York, Frees Press, pg. 264-267, 339-62 Nkansah-Asamoah, C. K. (2004) Real Estate and Corporate Strategy –course work supervised by Prof. David Isaac, (Prof. of Real Estate) School of Architecture and Construction, Avery Hill, University of Greenwich, London Nourse, Hugh O. (1990) Corporate Real Estate Ownership  as a form of vertical Integration, Real Estate Review    20:3, pp. 9-10 University Press Nourse, Hugh O. and Stephen E. Roulac, (1993) Linking Real Decisions to Corporate Strategy, The Journal of Real Estate Research, Vol.8, No. 4  Porter, M. (1985) Competitive Advantage, New York Free Press Rappaport A. (1986) Creating Shareholder Value, New York Free Press  Real Estate Resources Limited,  http:// www.realestateresources.co.uk  visited between Jan- May, 2007  Ronko, Bon. Facilities, Vol. 2 No. 5, 1994, pp. 9-10 University Press Unilever Ghana Limited, Annual Report & Financial Statements, 2005, 2006 Weatherhead, M, (1997) – Real Estate in Corporate Strategy –Macmillan, London White, A. and Taylor, N. (1995) Development Plans: BT’s response to the Planning and Compensation Act 1991, Chartered Surveyor Monthly , March William Ofori & Co., Ghana  (Listed in the Estate Gazette and also registered under the Ghana Institution of Surveyors -Real Estate Consultants)   https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-19-13-11-PM.pdf Geoffrey Tumwesigye Charles Nkansah-Asamoah . 614288 41 0

76 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=76 2012-02-28 Incumbent traditional brands have an initial advantage over new entrants to a market. With traditional brands, marketers have spent many dollars and many years to establish brand awareness and build equity. Building and managing strong brands is considered to be one of the key drivers of success in the hospitality industry. A brand extension strategy is followed when a company uses an established brand name to introduce a new product. This practice has been widely used by a variety of firms to introduce new products. This study reviews the application and trends of brand extension in the hotel industry and contributes to research and theory on brand extensions by developing a model of the process by which a transfer occurs based on the brand extension model of Aaker and Keller (1990) in the hotel industry Aaker, D. A., Keller, K. L., 1990. Consumer evaluations of brand extensions. Journal of Marketing 54 (1), 27-41. Aaker, D. 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S., 1994. An Empirical Study of Brand Switching for a Retail Service. Journal of Retailing 70 (3), 267–282 Park, C. W., McCarthy, M. S., 1993. The effects of direct and associative brand extension strategies on consumer responses to brand. Advances in Consumer Research 20, 28-33. Park, C. W., Milberg, S., Lawson, R., 1991. Evaluation of brand extension: The role of product level similarity and brand concept consistency. Journal of Consumer Research 18 (2), 185-193. Preble, J. F., Reichel, A., Hoffman, R. C., 2000. Strategic alliances for competitive advantage: Evidence from Israel’s hospitality and tourism industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management 19 (3), 327-341.  Reddy, S. K., Holak, S. L., Bhat, S., 1994. To extend or not to extend: success determinations of line extensions. Journal of Marketing Research 31, 243-262. Roedder-John, D., Loken, B., Joiner, C., 1998. The negative impact of extensions: can flagship products be diluted? Journal of Marking 62, 19–23. Roedder-John, D., Loken, B., Joiner, C., 2001. The negative impact of extensions: can flagship products be diluted? Journal of Marketing 62, 19-23. Roux, E., 1995. Consumer evaluation of luxury brand extensions. In Proceeding of the European Marketing Academy, ESSEC: Cergy- Pontoise, France, 1971-1980. Simonson, I., Tversky, A., 1992. Choice in context: trade-off contrast and extremeness aversion. Journal of Marketing Research 29, 281-295. Smith, D. C., Park, C., 1992. The effects of brand extensions on market share and advertising efficiency. Journal of Marketing Research 29, 296-313. Srivastava, R. K., Shocker, A. D., 1991. Brand equity: a perspective on its meaning and measurement. Working Paper Series: Report No. 91-124. Marketing Science Institute, Cambridge, MA. Sullivan, M. W., 1992. Brand extensions: when to use them. Management Science 38 (6), 793-806. Sunde, L., Brodie, R. J., 1993. Consumer evaluations of brand extensions: further empirical evidence. International Journal of Research in Marketing 10, 47-53. Swaminathan, V., 2003. Sequential brand extensions and brand choice behavior. Journal of Business Research 56, 431-442. Swanminathan, V., Fox, R. J., Reddy, S. K., 2001. The impact of brand extension introduction on choice. Journal of Marketing 65, 1-15. Tayler, D., 2004. Brand Stretch. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, England. Tepeci, M., 1999. Increasing brand loyalty in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 11 (5), 223-229.  Van Riel, A. C. R., Lemmink, J., Ouwersloot, H., 2001. Consumer evaluations of service brand extensions. Journal of Service Research 3, 220-231. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-19-13-56-PM.pdf JungKook Lee, PhD Alastair M. Morrison, PhD Soo Cheong (Shawn) Jang, PhD Brand extension brand equity behavioral intentions upscale hotel brand quality 618187 53 0