JBRMR 2056-6271 https://doi.org/10.24052/JBRMR/ 20 Volume 09 Issue 1 2014-10-01

178 https://mail.ijhem.com/details&cid=178 2014-11-09 Private label brands, consisting of merchandise sold exclusively through a particular retail chain, are growing in prominence throughout the world. Although highly advantageous to retailers, these brands exhibit pitifully low penetration rates in South Africa and are typically seen as being inferior to national/manufacturer brands. This study considers three key demographic variables and the impact of these on consumer responses pertaining to the perceptions of a private label brand. In this respect, a range of responses to PLB characteristics are assessed, focusing on perceived quality, risk, relative price and value. Furthermore, antecedents affecting perceived quality, and a moderator variable assessing the impact of entrenched loyalty to national brands, are included in the mix. Lastly, willingness to buy is also probed. The findings reveal that high income households shun PLBs, as do younger adults of 21 to 40 years of age. In contrast, consumers aged 60 and above appear to embrace these brands. There was a negligible difference recorded by the gender divide, although females appeared more inclined to favour private label merchandise. These results may assist retailers in better targeting predisposed consumers, particularly through customisable channels such as Facebook and Google Mail advertisements. Ailawadi, K., Pauwels, K. and Steenkamp, J. 2008. Private label use and store loyalty. Journal of Marketing, 72(6), 19-30. Alfansi, L. and Sargeant, A. 2000. Market segmentation in the Indonesian banking sector: the relationship between demographics and desired customer benefits. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 18(2), 64–74. Bao, Y., Bao, Y. and Sheng, S. 2011a. Motivating Purchase of Private Brands: Effects of Store Image, Product Signatureness, and Quality Variation. Journal of Business Research, 64 Beane, T. and Ennis, D. 1987. Market segmentation: A review. European Journal of Marketing, 21(5), 20-42. Beneke, J. 2013. A closer inspection of the impact of perceived risk on purchase intention of premium private label brands: The effect of age, gender, income and racial group. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, 7(2), 44-56. Beneke, J. 2010. Consumer perceptions of private label brands within the retail grocery sector of South Africa. African Journal of Business Management, 4(2), 203-220. Beneke, J., Flynn, R., Greig, T. and Mukaiwa, M. 2013. The influence of perceived product quality, relative price and risk on customer value and willingness to buy: A study of private label merchandise. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 22(3), 218-228. Bloch, P., Brunel, F. and Arnold, T. 2003. Individual differences in the centrality of visual product aesthetics: Concept and measurement. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(March) Bureau of Market Research. 2013. Household Income and Expenditure Patterns. Available: http://www.unisa.ac.za/news/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Household-income-and-expenditure-patterns-Press-Release-3Jan2012.pdf. Dated 04/11/2012. Chowdhury, J., Reardon, J. and Srivastava, R. 1998. Alternative modes of measuring store image: An empirical assessment of structured versus unstructured measures. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 6(2), 72–86. Dodds, W., Monroe, K. and Grewal, D. 1991. Effects of price, brand, and store information on buyers' product evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research, 28(3), 307-319. Euromonitor, 2013. Country Report: Breakfast Cereals in South Africa. Available http://www.euromonitor.com/breakfast-cereals-in-south-africa/report. Dated 01/04/2014. Fuchs, C., Prandelli, E. and Schreier, M. 2010.The psychological effects of empowerment strategies on consumers’ product demand. Journal of Marketing, 74(1), 65-79. Grewal, D., Krishnan, R., Baker, J. and Borin, N. 1998a. The effect of store name, brand name and price discounts on consumers' evaluations and purchase intentions. Journal of Retailing, 74(3), 331-352. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. 2011. Marketing Management, 14th edition. Pearson, New Jersey. Kumar, N. and Steenkamp, J. 2007. Private Label Strategy: How to meet the store brand challenge. Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge. Kwon, K., Lee, M. and Kwon, Y. 2008.The effect of perceived product characteristics on private brand purchase. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 25(2), 105-114. Kwun, J. and Oh, H. 2008. Effects of brand, price, and risk on customers’ value perceptions and behavioral intentions in the restaurant industry. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 11(1), 31-49. Laroche, M., Saad, G., Cleveland, M. and Browne, E. 2000. Gender differences in information search strategies for a Christmas gift. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 17(6), 500–522. Levy, S. and Gendel-Guterman, H. 2012. Does advertising matter to store brand purchase intention? A conceptual framework. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 21(2), 89-97. Lin, C. 2002. Segmenting customer brand preference: Demographic or psychographic. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 11(4), 249–268. Moreau, C., Bonney, L. and Herd, K. 2011. It’s the thought (and the effort) that counts: How customizing for others differs from customizing for oneself. Journal of Marketing, 75(5) Pallant, J. 2013. SPSS Survival Manual, 5th edition. Open University Press, London. Pham, M. and Avnet, T. 2004. Ideals and oughts and the reliance on affect versus substance in persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(March), 503-518. Reardon, J., Miller, C. and Coe, B. 2011. Applied scale development: Measurement of store image. Journal of Applied Business Research, 11(4), 85-93. Ricciuto, L. Tarasuk, V. and Yatchew. A. 2006. Socio-demographic influences on food purchasing among Canadian households. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60, 778–790. Richardson, P., Dick, A. and Jain, A. 1994. Extrinsic and intrinsic cue effects on perceptions of store brand quality. Journal of Marketing, 58(4), 28-36. Sánchez-Fernández, R. and Iniesta-Bonillo, M. 2007. The concept of perceived value: A systematic review of the research. Marketing Theory, 7(4), 427-451. Semeijn, J., van Riel, A. and Ambrosini, A. 2004. Consumer evaluations of store brands: Effects of store image and product attributes. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 11(4), 247-258. Sethuraman, R. and Cole, C. 1999. Pricing strategy & practice: Factors influencing the price premiums that consumers pay for national brands over store brands. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 8(4), 340-351. Shiu, E. and Dawson, J. 2001. Demographic segmentation of shoppers at traditional markets and supermarkets in Taiwan. Journal of Segmentation in Marketing, 4(2), 69-85. Slama, M. and Tashchian, A. 1985. Selected socioeconomic and demographic characteristics associated with purchasing involvement. Journal of Marketing, 49, 72-82. Snoj, B., Korda, A. and Mumel, D. 2004. The relationships among perceived quality, perceived risk and perceived product value. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 13(3), 156-167. Sorce, P., Perotti, V. and Widrick, S. 2005.Attitude and age differences in online buying. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 33(2), 122-132. Stafford, M. 1996. Demographic discriminators of service quality in the banking industry. Journal of Services Marketing, 10(4), 6–22. Statistics SA. 2013. Mid-year population estimates. Available:      http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022013.pdf. Accessed 02/09/2013. Sweeney, J. and Soutar, G. 2001. Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of Retailing, 77(2), 203-220. Sweeney, J., Soutar, G. and Johnson, L. 1999. The role of perceived risk in the quality-value relationship: A study in a retail environment. Journal of Retailing, 75(1), 77-105. Visagie, J. 2013. Who are the middle class in South Africa? Does it matter for policy? Available: http://www.econ3x3.org/article/who-are-middle-class-south-africa-does-it-matter-policy. Dated 29/04/2013. Wedel, M. and Kamakura, W. 2000. Market Segmentation: Conceptual and Methodological Foundations, 2nd edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts. Wu, P., Yeh, G. and Hsiao, C. 2011. The effect of store image and service quality on brand image and purchase intention for private label brands. Australasian Marketing Journal, 19(1), 30-39. Yoo, B., Donthu, N. and Lee, S. 2000. An examination of selected marketing mix elements and brand equity. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(2), 195-211. Zhou, L., Yang, Z. and Hui, M. 2010.Non-Local or local brands? A multi-level investigation into confidence in brand origin identification and its strategic implications. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(2), 202-218. https://mail.ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-20_c-178.pdf Justin Beneke Stephen Carter Value quality risk price private label breakfast cereal South Africa 532994 20 0

179 https://mail.ijhem.com/details&cid=179 2014-11-09 The study evaluates corporate governance practices among selected non-financial quoted firms across industries and analysed the level of compliance with the 2003 code of best practices in Nigeria. A data set on corporate governance mechanism was obtained from the firms’ annual reports, the publication of the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) as well as the website of the firms and analysed using descriptive analysis. A corporate governance index was constructed to represent Nigerian corporate governance standard and listed firms were ranked according to the index. The results showed that firms observed between 2003 and 2010 have embedded corporate governance initiatives with an average compliance level of 72.15 percent and a growth rate of 5.83 percent. While the analysis showed a structural shift in corporate governance structure, a slow-down in change of corporate governance practice among firms in Nigeria was however observed. Ademola, Oyejide T and Soyibo. A (2001) . “Corporate  Governance in Nigeria”. Development Policy Center Ibadan, Nigeria. Paper presented at the conference on corporate governance in Accra Ghana, 29-30 Adetunji Babatunde M. and Olawoye Olaniran (2009) “The effects of internal and External Mechanisms on Governance and Performance of Corporate Firm Nigeria” Corporate Ownership and Conrol/ Vo/ 7, issue 2 winter 2009 Anderson, R.S, Mansi, and D Reeb. (2004) “Board Characteristics, Accounting Report Integrity and the Cost of Debt” Journal of accounting and Economics, 37  pp.315-42  Andre,Paaul, Maher Kooli and Jean- Francosis L’ Her (2004). The Long run performance of mergers and acquisitions: evidence from the Canadia stock Market Financial Management 33, pp 27-43 Cadbury A 1992. The Code of Best Practice, Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspect of Corporate Governance. London: Gee and Co Ltd. Code of Corporate Governance in Nigeria (2003) Guriev, Sergei, Olga Lazareva, Andrei Rachinsky, Serguei soukhlo,(2003),“Corporate  Governance in Russian Industry,” CEFIR Working Paper No. 32 Habeeb A.Quadri (2010). : Conceptual Framework for Corporate Governance in  Nigeria- Challenge and Panaceas”. PM World Today- September 2010 Vol. xii issue ix Haniffa, R. and Hudaib, M (2006) “Corporate Governance Structure and Performance Malaysian Listed Companies. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 33 (7-8) pp. 1034-1062 Hart Oliver (1983) “The market Mechanism as an Incentive Scheme. Bell journal of Economics, 14 issue 2, pp. 366-382 Hart, Oliver (1995) “Corporate Governance: Some Theory and Implications” The Economic Journal, Vol. 105 issue 430, pp678-698. Hawley, J. P. and Williams A. I. (1996) Corporate Governance in the United States: The of Fiduciary Capitalism, Working Paper, Saint Mary College of California School of Economics and Business Administration.  History lesson: Cadbury 1992 © The National Computing Centre 2010 Jensen, M. C. (1993) The modern industrial revolution, exit, and the failure of internal  control systems, Journal of Finance, 48, 831-880. Lipton, M. and Lorsch, J. W. (1992) A modest proposal for improved corporate governance, Business Lawyer, 48, 59- 77.  Nigerian Stock Exchange Website, (2010) Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Report (2013), consultative paper on review of corporate governance Norms in India The Investments and Securities Act (“new ISA”) June 2007 Zelenyuk. V Zheka .V (2006) “Corporate Governance and Firms Efficiency: The case  of Transitional Country, Ukraine” Journal of Productivity Analysis. V.25                                                                                                                          Number1/2  pp.143-169    Zelenyuk. V Zheka .V (2006) “Corporate Governance and Firms Efficiency: the case of Transitional Country, Ukraine” Journal of Productivity Analysis. V.2 Number1/2  pp.143-169 https://mail.ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-20_c-179.pdf Ebenezer Y. Akinkoye Omoneye O. Olasanmi Corporate governance Code of Best Practice and governance structure 536820 13 0

180 https://mail.ijhem.com/details&cid=180 2014-11-09 The purpose of this study was to identify and assess the antecedents of brand loyalty from the perspective of Oliver’s (1997) cognitive, affective, and conative theorization of consumer loyalty. A convenience sample of 285 students across multiple majors of study completed a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire included brand equity, brand satisfaction, and brand loyalty items. Each item was measured based upon a seven-point Likert scale. Two jean brands, one premium jean brand and one nonpremium jean brand, were utilized to assess the items. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to test proposed research hypotheses. Based upon Oliver’s theorization of consumer loyalty, a positive relationship was confirmed between brand emotional value and brand satisfaction, brand emotional value and brand loyalty, and brand satisfaction and brand loyalty for both jean brand groups. This study indicated a lack of association between brand awareness and brand emotional value. This notion suggests that even if a retailer carries a brand with high awareness, that brand will not necessarily invoke an emotional value in the consumer. Therefore, retailers should consider stocking more than just well-known brands, and make sure that the brands they carry meet the functional and non-functional needs of their consumers. Aaker, D. A. 1991. Managing Brand Equity: Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand  Name. New York: The Free Press. Aaker, D.A. and Biel, A.L. 1993. Brand Equity & Advertising: Advertising’s Role in Building Strong Brands. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Agarwal, M.K. and Rao, V.R. 1996. “An Empirical Comparison of Consumer- Based Measures of Brand Equity.” Marketing Letters 7(1): 237-247. Anderson, E. and Sullivan, M. 1993. “The Antecedents and Consequences of Customer Satisfaction.” Marketing Science 12(1): 125-143. Affective, and Conative Brand Loyalty and Customer Satisfaction.” Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research27(4): 419-435. Bandyopadhyay, S. and Martell, M. 2007. “Does Attitudinal Loyalty Influence Behavioral Loyalty? A Theoretical and Empirical Study.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services14(1): 35-44. Bhardwaj, V., Kumar, A. and Kim, Y. K. 2010. “Brand Analyses of US Global and Local Brands in India: The Case of Levi's.” Journal of Global Marketing23(1): 80-94. Bitner, M. J. and Hubbert, A. R. 1994. Encounter Satisfaction Versus Overall Satisfaction Versus Quality: The Customer's Voice Service Quality: New Directions in Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage. In Rust, R.T., & Oliver, R.L. (Eds.), 72-94. Bloemer, J. and De Ruyter, K. 1998. “On the Relationship Between Store Image, Store Satisfaction and Store Loyalty.” European Journal of Marketing32(6): 499-513. Bodey, K. and Grace, D. 2006. “Segmenting Service ‘Complainers’ and ‘Non-Complainers’ on the Basis of Consumer Characteristics.” Journal of Service Marketing 20(1): 178-187. Christodoulides, G. and Michaelidou, N. 2010. “Shopping Motives as Antecedents of E-satisfaction and E-loyalty.” Journal of Marketing Management27(2): 181-197. Da Silva, R., and Syed Alwi, S. 2006. “Cognitive, Affective Attributes and Conative, Behavioural Responses in Retail Corporate Branding.” Journal Of Product & Brand Management 15(5): 293-305. Dew, L. and Kwon, W. 2010. “Exploration of Apparel Brand Knowledge: Brand Awareness, Brand Association, and Brand Category Structure.” Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 28(3): 3-18. Esch, F., Langer, T., Schmitt, B. and Geus, P. 2006. “Are Brands Forever? How Brand Knowledge and Relationships Affect Current and Future Purchases.” Journal of Product and Brand Management 15(1): 98-105. Faircloth, J.B., Capella, L.M. and Alford, B.L. 2001. “The Effect of Brand Attitude and BrandImage on Brand Equity.” Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice 9(3): 61-75. Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. 1981. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error.” Journal of Marketing Research 18(1): 39-50. Han, H., Kim, Y. and Kim, E. 2011. “Cognitive, Affective, Conative, and Action Loyalty: Testing the Impact of Inertia.” International Journal of Hospitality Management 30(4): 1008-1019.  Homburg, C., Krohmer, H., Cannon, J. and Kiedaisch, I.  2002. “Customer Satisfaction in Transnational Buyer-Supplier Relationships.” Journal of International Marketing 10(4): 1-29. Jayasankaraprasad, C. and Kumar, P. 2012. “Antecedents and Consequences of Customer Satisfaction in Food & Grocery Retailing: An Empirical Analysis.” Decision 39(3): 101-140. Jones, M. A. and Suh, J. 2000. “Transaction-Specific Satisfaction and Overall Satisfaction: An Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Services Marketing14(2): 147-159. Keller, K. L. 1993. “Measuring and Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity.” The Journal of Marketing 57(1): 1-22. Kim, J., Morris, J. D. and Swait, J. 2008. “Antecedents of True Brand Loyalty.” Journal of Advertising37(2): 99-117. Kim, M.K., Park, M.C. and Jeong, D.H. 2004. “The Effects of Customer Satisfaction and Switching Barrier on Customer Loyalty in Korean Mobile Telecommunication Services.” Telecommunications Policy 28(2): 145-59. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. 2009. Marketing Management. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Kuenzel, S. and Halliday, S. 2010. “The Chain of Effects From Reputation andBrand Personality Congruence to Brand Loyalty: The Role of Brand Identification.” Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing 18(3): 167-176. Kumar, A., Lee, H. J., and Kim, Y. K. 2007. “Indian Consumers' Purchase Intention Toward a United States Versus Local Brand.” Journal of Business Research 62(1): 521-527. Lam, S. K., Ahearne, M., Hu, Y. and Schillewaert, N. 2010. “Resistance to Brand Switching When a Radically New Brand is Introduced: A Social Identity Theory Perspective.”  Journal of Marketing 74(6): 128-146. Lee, H.M., Lee, C.C. and Wu, C.C. 2011. “Brand Image Strategy Affects Brand Equity After M&A.” European Journal of Marketing 45(8): 1091-1111. Low, G.S. and Lamb, C.W. 2000. “The Measurement and Dimensionality of Brand Associations.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 9(6): 350-368. Madrigal, R. and Boush, D. 2008. “Social Responsibility as a Unique Dimension of Brand Personality and Consumers’ Willingness to Reward.” Psychology & Marketing 25(6): 538-564. Marconi, J. 2000. The Brand Marketing Book: Creating, Managing, and Extending the Value of Your Brand. Chicago: NTC Business Books. Martenson, R. 2007. “Corporate Brand Image, Satisfaction and Store Loyalty: A Study of the Store as a Brand, Store Brands and Manufacturer Brands.” International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management35(7): 544-555. Mittal, B. and Lassar, W. M. 1998. “Why Do Customers Switch? The Dynamics of Satisfaction Versus Loyalty.” Journal of Services Marketing12(3): 177-194. Muniz, A. and O’Guinn, T. 2001. “Brand community.” Journal of Consumer Research 27(4): 412-432. Oliver, R. L. 1997.Satisfaction: A Behavioral Perspective on the Consumer. New York: McGraw-Hill. Oliver, R. 1999. “Whence Consumer Loyalty?” Journal of Marketing 63(1): 33-44. Olsen, S. O. 2002. “Comparative Evaluation and the Relationship Between Quality, Satisfaction, and Repurchase Loyalty.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science30(3): 240-249. Pappu, R. and Quester, P. 2006. “A Customer-Based Method for Retailer Equity Measurement: Results of an Empirical Study.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 13(5): 317-329. Paswan, A., Spears, N., and Ganesh, G.  2007. “The Effects of Obtaining One’s Preferred Service Brand on Consumer Satisfaction and Brand Loyalty.” Journal of Services Marketing 21(2): 75-87. Rockwell, C. 2008. “The mathematics of brand satisfaction.” Management Review19(1):75-83. Schultz, D. E. 2005. “The Loyalty Paradox.” Marketing Management 14(5): 10 –11.Sen, S. and Bhattacharya, C.B. 2001. “Does Doing Good Always Lead To Doing Better? Consumer Reactions To Corporate Social Responsibility.” Journal of Marketing Research 38(2): 225-243. Severi, E. and Ling, K.C. 2013. “The Mediating Effects of Brand Association, Brand Loyalty, Brand Image and Perceived Quality on Brand Equity.” Asian Social Science 9(30): 125-136. Sivadas, E. and Baker-Prewitt, J. 2000. “An Examination of the Relationship Between Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Store Loyalty.” Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 28(2): 73-82. Sondoh, S.L., Omar, M.W., Wahid, N.A., Ismail, I. and Haru, A. 2007. “The Effect of Brand Image on Overall Satisfaction and Loyalty Intention in the Context of Color Cosmetic.” Journal Asian Academy of Management 12(1): 83-107. Sonnier, G. and Ainslie, A. 2011. “Estimating the Value of Brand Image Associations: The Role of General and Specific Brand Image.” Journal of Marketing Research 48(3): 518-531. Strauss, B. and Neuhaus, P. 1997. “The Qualitative Satisfaction Model.” International Journalof Service Industry Management 9(2): 169-188. Sweeney, J. and Soutar, G.  2001. “Consumer Perceived Value: The Development of a Multiple Item Scale.” Journal of Retailing 77(2): 203-220. Valkenburg, P. and Buijzen, M. 2005. “Parental Mediation of Undesired  AdvertisingEffects.Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 49(2): 153-165. Wu, S-I. and Chen, J-H. 2010. “The Influence of Store Image, Satisfaction and Store Loyalty on Store Brand Extension Acceptance: Evidence from Taiwanese 3c Chain Store.” Journal of International Marketing & Marketing Research 35(2): 91-111. Yaseen, N., Tahira, M., Guizar, A. and Anwar, A.  2011. “Impact of Brand Awareness, Perceived Quality, and Customer Loyalty on Brand Profitability and Purchase Intention: A Reseller’s View.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business 3(5): 833-839. Yang, D. and Wang, W. 2010. “The Effect of 2-Tier Store Brands’ Perceived Quality, Perceived Value, Brand Knowledge and Attitude on Store Loyalty.” Frontiers of Business Research in China 4(1): 1-28. Yu, C.C., Lin, P.J. and Chen, C.J. 2013. “How Brand Image, Country of Origin, and Self-Congruity Influence Internet Users’ Purchase Intention.” Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal 41(4): 599-611. https://mail.ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-20_c-180.pdf Delisia R. Matthews Junghwa Son Kittichai Watchravesringkan brand equity brand loyalty cognitive affective conative 597489 42 0

181 https://mail.ijhem.com/details&cid=181 2014-11-09 This study looked at the development of a scale to measure the perceived benefits of e-recruitment from the viewpoint of the recruiter. Based on the review of the previous literature and studies the research objectives were posed. The perceived benefits of e-recruitment were defined in the literature by several scholars from a qualitative perspective. Nevertheless, up to the knowledge of the researcher a quantitative scale to measure these perceived benefits was not developed. Through the review of literature and the interviews held with key recruitment and human resources managers and executives, a proposed set of constructs were developed in the form of a questionnaire. The initial questionnaire was, tested and administered to several sectors within Cairo, Egypt. Statistical results revealed a number of valid items that could be used for the measurement of these constructs. Future research should extend to other study sectors and other domains. Barber, A.E., 1998, ' Recruiting Employees', Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA Alfus, P., 2000, ‘Today's Recruitment Practices Require Traditional and Internet Techniques’, Hotel and Motel Management Baillie, J., 1996, ‘Attracting Employees Who Surf the Internet’, People Management,Vol.2, no.17, pp.46-47 Barber, A. E., 1998, Recruiting employees: Individual and organizational perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Bartram,D., 2000,'Internet Recruitment and Selection: Kissing Frogs to Find Princes', International Journal of Selection and Assessment', Vol.8,no.4,pp.261-274 Bartram, D., 2005,‘Testing on the Internet: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities in the Field of Occupational Assessment’, in Bartram, D. and Hambleton, R. (eds), Computer-Based Testing and the Internet: Issues and Advances, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, [online] Available from http://media.wiley.com/product-data/excerpt/24/04708619/0470861924.pdf Bingham, B., Ilg, S.,&Davidson, N., 2002, ‘Great Candidates Fast: On-Line Job Application and Electronic Processing: Washington State’s New Internet Application System’, Public Personnel Management, Vol.31, no.1, pp. 53-64 Breaugh, J. A., & Starke, M.,2000,' Research on employee recruitment: So many studies, so many remaining questions', Journal of Management, Vol.,26,no.3,pp. 405−424. Burke, K., 1998, ‘Automatic Choices’, Personnel Today, pp.27-28 Bulter, J.K., 1991, 'Toward understanding and measuring conditions of trust: Evolution     of trust inventory', Journal of Management, Vol.17, pp.643-663 CIPD (2005) ‘Online Recruitment’, [online] Available from     http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/recruitmen/onlnrcruit/onlrec.htm?IsSrchRes1 Cronbach, L.J.,&Meehl, P.C., 1995, 'Construct validity in psychological tests', Psychological Bulletin, Vol.52, pp.281-302 Darrag  Menatallah, Mohamed Ahmed,& Abdel Aziz  Hadia, 2010,'Investigating     recruitment practices and problems of multinational companies (MNCs) operating in Egypt', Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, Vol. 3,  no. 2, pp.99 - 116 Dhamija, P., 2012,' E-recruitment: a Roadmap towards e-Human Resource Management. Researchers World – International Refereed Journal of Arts Science &Commerce Research (RW-JASCR)' ,Vol. 3,no.3,issue.2,pp. 33-39. Epstein, M., Harniss, M., Robbins, V., Wheeler, L., Cyrulik, S., Kriz, M., & Nelson, R., 2003, 'Strength-based approaches to assessment in schools. Handbook of School Mental Health: Advancing Practice and Research' Feldman, D. C., & Klaas, B. S., 2002,' Internet job hunting: A field study of applicant experiences with online recruiting', Human Resource Management, Vol.41, pp.175-192. Finn, W., 2002,'Screen test', People Management, Vol.6, no.13, pp.38-41 Fister, S., 2001, 'Internet recruiting: Better, cheaper, faster', Workforce, vol. 80, no.12, pp. 26-28 Fister, S., 1999, ‘Online Recruiting: Good, Fast and Cheap?’ Training, Vol.36, no.    26, pp.26-28 Galanaki, E., 2002, ‘The Decision to Recruit Online: A Descriptive Study’, Career Development International, Vol.7, no.4, pp. 243-251. Greengard, S., 1998, ‘Putting online recruitment to work’, Workforce, Vol.77, no.8, pp.73-    74 Harris, A., 2004, ‘Distributed leadership: leading or misleading’, Educational Management and Administration, Vol. 32, no.1, pp. 11–24. Jackson, P.R., Wall, T. D., Martin, R., & Davis, K., 1993,' New measures of job control , cognitive demand, and production responsibility', Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.78, pp.753-762 Karat, J, 1997,'Evolving the scope of user-centered design', Communications of the ACM, Vol.40, pp.33-38 Kim, S., & O'Connor, J. G., 2009,'Assessing Electronic Recruitment Implementation in     State Governments: Issues and Challenges', Public Personnel Management, Vol.38,    no.1. pp. 47-66 Lievens, F. & Harris, M.M., 2003,' Research on Internet Recruiting and Testing: Current     status and future directions. In: Cooper, C.L. and Robertson, I.T. (eds),     International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 16. Chichester: John Wiley, pp. 131–165. McDougall, B., 2001, ‘Cyber-Recruitment: The Rise of the E-Labour Market and Its Implications for the Federal Public Service’, [online] Available from http://www.rma-agrh.gc.ca/research/labour-market/e-recruitment_e.pdf Mohamed, A.A., Orife, J.N., & Wibowo, K., 2002, ‘The Legality of Key Word Search as a Personnel Selection Tool’, Employee Relations, Vol.24, no. 5, pp.516-    522 Nel, P.S., Werner, A., Haasbroek, Poisat, P.,Sono & T. Du Pleesi, A.J.,Nqalo,O.,2011,'Human Resources Management', 8th edition, Cape Town: Oxford University Press Parry,E.,& Tyson,S.,2008,'An analysis of the use and success of e-recruitment methods in the UK', Human Resources Management Journal,Vol.18,no.3,pp.257-274 Parry, E., &Wilson, H., 2009,'Factors Influencing the Adoption of Online Recruitment', Personnel Review, Vol.38, no.6, pp. 655-673 Peters, K,2001, 'Five keys to effective e-cruiting', Ivey Business Journal, Vol. 65, no. 3, pp.         342-365 Pin, R.J., Laorden, M., & Sáenz-Diez, I. (2001) ‘Internet Recruiting Power: Opportunities and Effectiveness’, IESE Research Papers D/439, [online] (cited 25 May 2006) Available from http://www.iese.edu/research/pdfs/DI-0439-E.pdf Rudman, R., 2010,'Human Resources Management in New Zealand', 5th edition,     Auckland, Prentice Hall Schreyer, R.,&J. McCarter, J., 1998, 'The Employer’s Guide to Recruiting on the Internet, Impact Publications, Manassas Park, VA Schriesheim, C.A.,&Hill, K., 1981,'Controlling acquiescence response bias by item reversal: The effect on questionnaire validity', Educational and psychological     measurement,Vol.41, pp.1101-1114 Schriesheim, C.A.,Powers, K.J.,Scandura,T.A., Gardiner,C.C.,&Lankau,M.J.,1993,'Improvin    g construct measurement in management research: Comments and a quantitative approach for assessing the theoretical content adequacy of paper-and-pencil  survey type             instruments', Journal of Management, Vol.19,pp.385-417 Snell, A, 2001, 'Best practices for Web site recruiting', Canadian HR Reporter, Vol. 14, no. 4 Stone, E., 1978,'Research methods in organizational behavior, Glenview, IL:Scott, Foresman Williams, M., & Klau, B., 1997, '10 easy tips for recruiting online', Workforce, Vol.76, no.8,     pp.13-17 Zusman, R.R.,&Landis, R.S., 2002, ‘Applicant Preferences for Web-Based versus Traditional Job Postings’, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol.18, no.3, pp.285-    296. https://mail.ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-20_c-181.pdf Ghadeer Mohamed Badr ElDin Aboul-Ela E-recruitment online recruitment benefits of e-recruitment e-recruitment scale. 611258 27 0

182 https://mail.ijhem.com/details&cid=182 2014-11-09 The purpose of this paper is to explore the factors that affect young Egyptian consumers' attitudes towards fast-food advertising in Facebook which is considered the most widely used social media network. 4 focus groups were conducted with young consumers from 2 Egyptian cities. Content analysis was applied for the Egyptian fast-food Facebook fan pages with the aid of the NVivo software. The findings of this exploratory study have shown that young consumers are accepting the idea of fast food advertising in Facebook. Moreover, the research provides a framework for the factors that lead to consumers' engagement with the advertisements on Facebook. With the increase in the popularity of social media websites among the young generation, fast-food marketers find it a more effective medium for advertising for their chains among that segment. The research provides insights for marketers to make their advertisements more effective on Facebook. The participants in the focus groups were young consumers in Egypt. It would be useful to expand the sample and conduct the research in other developing and developed countries with more consumers from other age groups. Consumer attitude towards advertising as a topic generates interest from academics and practitioners in looking at analysis of the effectiveness and success of advertisements in social media. Therefore this research adds value in that, so far, there is very little academic literature on this particular topic exam Alba, J. W., & Hutchinson, J. W. (1987). Dimensions of consumer expertise.Journal of consumer research, 411-454. Alwitt, L. F., &Prabhaker, P. R. (1994). Identifying who dislikes television advertising: Not by demographics alone. Journal of Advertising Research. Bauer, R. A., &Greyser, S. A. (1968). Advertising in America, the consumer view. Bond, C., Ferraro, C., Luxton, S., & Sands, S. (2010). Social media advertising: An investigation of consumer perceptions, attitudes, and preferences for engagement. Anzmac. Brackett, L. K., & Carr, B. N. (2001). Cyberspace advertising vs. other media: Consumer vs. mature student attitudes. Journal of advertising research, 41(5), 23-32. Chu, S. C., & Kim, Y. (2011). Determinants of consumer engagement in electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in social networking sites. International Journal of Advertising, 30(1), 47-75. Cvijikj, I. P., &Michahelles, F. (2013). Online engagement factors on Facebook brand pages. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 3(4), 843-861. Divol, R., Edelman, D., &Sarrazin, H. (2012, April).Demistifying social media. Retrieved from http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Demystifying_social_media_2958 Dubai School of Government (2013). Transforming Education in the Arab World: Breaking Barriers in the Age of Social Learning. Arab Social Media Report, 5th edition. Durvasula, S., Lysonski, S., & Andrews, J. C. (1993). Cross‐Cultural Generalizability of a Scale for Profiling Consumers' Decision‐Making Styles. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 27(1), 55-65. Gordon, M. E., & De Lima-Turner, K. (1997). Consumer attitudes towards Internet advertising: A social contract perspective. International Marketing Review, 14(5), 362-375. Hadija, Z., Barnes, S. B., & Hair, N. (2012). Why we ignore social networking advertising. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 15(1), 19-32. Heinrichs, J. H., Lim, J. S., & Lim, K. S. (2011). Influence of social networking site and user access method on social media evaluation. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 10(6), 347-355  Hoffman, D. L., & Fodor, M. (2010). Can you measure the ROI of your social media marketing?.Sloan Management Review, 52(1). Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., &Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 22(5/6), 2-2. Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business horizons, 53(1), 59-68. Kelly, L., Kerr, G., &Drennan, J. (2010). Avoidance of advertising in social networking sites: The teenage perspective. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 10(2), 16-27. Lutz, Richard J. "Affective and Cognitive Antecedents of Attitude toward the Ad: A Conceptual Framework, "Psychological Processes and Advertising Effects: Theory, Research and Application, Linda Alwitt and Andrew A.Mitchell, (eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1985. MacKenzie, S. B., & Lutz, R. J. (1989). An empirical examination of the structural antecedents of attitude toward the ad in an advertising pretesting context. The Journal of Marketing, 48-65. Mehta, A. (2000). Advertising attitudes and advertising effectiveness. Journal of advertising research, 40(3), 67-71. Mikalef, P., Giannakos, M., &Pateli, A. (2013). Shopping and Word-of-mouth intentions on social media. Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, 8(1), 17-34. Nielsen (2013). Paid social media advertising report. Retrieved from http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/reports/2013/the-paid-social-media-advertising-report-2013.html. Petrovici, D., &Marinov, M. (2007). Determinants and antecedents of general attitudes towards advertising: A study of two EU accession countries. European Journal of Marketing, 41(3/4), 307-326. Schlosser, A. E., Shavitt, S., &Kanfer, A. (1999). Survey of Internet users’ attitudes toward Internet advertising. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 13(3), 34-54. Shavitt, S., Lowrey, P., &Haefner, J. (1998). Public attitudes toward advertising: More favorable than you might think. Journal of advertising research, 38(4), 7-22. Shi, Y., Cheung, K., & Prendergast, G. (2005). Behavioural response to sales promotion tools: a Hong Kong study. International Journal of Advertising, 24(4), 467. Speck, P. S., & Elliott, M. T. (1997). Predictors of advertising avoidance in print and broadcast media. Journal of Advertising, 26(3), 61-76. The Guardian (2014). Facebook: 10 years of social networking, in numbers. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/feb/04/facebook-in-numbers-statistics. Tuten, T. L., & Solomon, M. R. (2013). Social media marketing. Boston: Pearson https://mail.ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-20_c-182.pdf Hazem Rasheed Gaber Len Tiu Wright Social media Facebook Fast-food advertising Young consumers Consumers' attitudes towards advertising Engagement with advertisements Egypt. 611794 31 0

183 https://mail.ijhem.com/details&cid=183 2014-11-09 As Algeria is an oil-rich country having its revenues entirely linked to hydrocarbon exports, tensions in the oil market might engender risks of macroeconomic imbalances. Bearing in mind the importance of oil for the world economy and its fallout during a prolonged surge of its prices, it would be interesting to investigate the relationship inflation-oil prices, which is a point of contrast among economists. At first, we will display theoretical background of inflation and the inflation patterns in Algeria, before putting evidence of strategic issues of the oil revenues in Algeria. We will finish by an econometric analysis via a VAR model of the eventual relationship between oil prices and inflation in Algeria. This article aims to answer the question: “What’s the impact of oil price fluctuations on inflation in Algeria? Bouras, D. ,1993. Quelles hypothèses pour l’évolution de l’inflation. Média Bank, No.25. Boursin, J. L.,1979. Les indices des prix. Paris : PUF. Bramoullé, G. ,1987. La monnaie. Paris : Dalloz. Friedman, M. ,1992 . La monnaie et ses pièges. Paris : Calmann-Lévy.  Galbraith, J. K .,1976. L’argent. Paris : Gallimard. Goux, J. F . ,1998. Inflation, Désinflation,  Déflation. Paris : Dunod. Grais, B. ,1988. Statistiques descriptives. Paris : Dunod. Greene, W.,2005 . Econométrie. New York : 5éme Edition , New York University . Grozet, Y. ,1998 . Inflation ou désinflation. Paris : Nathan.  Lardic , S. ,1988. Econométrie des séries temporelles macroéconomiques et financières .  Paris :   Economica Lardic,  S . Mignon, V. ,2002 . Econométrie des séries temporelles macroéconomiques et financières. Paris : Economica.  Mélard, G. ,2002 . Méthodes de prévision à court terme. Paris : Ellipses.   Nashachibi ,K. et al., 1998. Algérie, Stabilisation et transition à l’économie de marché. Washington : FMI.  Rouaski ,K. et al., 2014. the impact of augmentation wages public based on the purchasing power of households in Algeria. International Journal of Business &Economic Development, Vol. 2, No. 1.pp.64-69. Samuelson, P. A.  Nordhaus, W. D., 1995. Macroéconomie. Paris : Organisation.   Toumache, R and al., 2013. Analysis by Panel Data Method Estimation of Car Fleet Models. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol. 3, No. 6. Zakane, A. ,2005.  Dépenses publiques productives et dynamique de croissance , approches théoriques et empiriques appliquée au cas de l’Algérie “ Papier Presenter  dans le  Seminaire Internationale La Problematique De La Croissance Au Pays Du Mena , Universite D’alger . https://mail.ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-20_c-183.pdf Rachid Toumache Khaled Rouaski Badreddine Talbi Inflation Purchasing Power Consumption Price Index Range Effect Leverage Effect Auto- Regressive Vector Method. 524510 19 0

184 https://mail.ijhem.com/details&cid=184 2014-11-09 This quantitative research explores the impact of deceptive advertising in Private Higher Education Institutions (PHEIs) in Cameroon on students. We report the results of a questionnaire survey of 201 students randomly selected from eight private institutions. The findings provide new insights into deceptive advertising specifically in the Higher Education industry where no prior study had been conducted. We find that there is a fairly significant impact of deceptive advertising by Private Higher Educational Institutions on the students. Though fair, we suggest that there is urgent need for Government and other relevant stakeholders to establish measures to eradicate deception in the education industry as it undermines the value of Higher Education and the country’s educational system as a whole. Adam, N.& Joseph, R. (2013). Overcoming potential negative consequences of customer orientation in higher education: closing the ideological gap.Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 23:2, 155-174, DOI: 10.1080/08841241.2013.860941 Arnold, D. G, & Oakley, J. L.(2013).The Politics and Strategy of Industry Self-Regulation: The Pharmaceutical Industry's Principles for Ethical Direct-to-Consumer Advertising as a Deceptive Blocking Strategy. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law (Highwire), 2013. Vol. 38 Issue: Number 3 p505-544, 40p; Attas, D.(1999). What's Wrong with "Deceptive" Advertising? Journal of Business Ethics,Vol. 21 Issue: Number 1 p49-59, 11p; Baden-Fuller, C., Ravazzolo, F., & Schweizer, T. (2000). Making and measuring reputations: The research ranking of European business schools. Long Range Planning,33(5), 621–650. Berger, K.A. (1997). Developing Advertising and Promotion Strategies for Higher Education. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, Vol. 7 Issue: Number 4 p61-72, 12p;  Bennett, R., & Ali-Choudhury, R. (2009). Prospective students’ perceptions of university brands: An empirical study. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education,19(1), 85–107. Binney, W., & Martin, C. (1997). How do rural students choose their higher education institutions? Two regional Australian cases. Journal of Institutional Research in Australasia,6(2), 74–80. Bunzel, D. (2007). Universities sell their brands. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 16(2), 152–153. Chapleo, C. (2010). What defines successful university brands? The International Journal for Public Sector Management, 23(2), 169–183. David Finch , Sarah McDonald & Julie Staple (2013)Reputational interdependence: an examination of category reputation in higher education, Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 23:1, 34-61, DOI: 10.1080/08841241.2013.810184 Ducoffe, R. & Ducoffe, S. (1990). Tips from Top Advertising Executives: Implications for Advertising Education. Journal of Marketing Education, Vol. 12 Issue: Number 1 p52-58, 7p; Durkin, M., &Mckenna, S. (2011). Informing the marketing of higher education to younger people. Irish Marketing Review,21(1 & 2), 41.  Gardner, D. M.(1975). Deception in Advertising: A Conceptual Approach. Journal of Marketing,Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 40-46.  GAO, Z. (2008).Controlling Deceptive Advertising in China: An Overview. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, Fall 2008, Vol. 27 Issue: Number 2 p165-177, 13p; Gibbs, P. (2007). Does Advertising Pervert Higher Education? Is There a Case for Resistance?Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, Vol. 17 Issue: Number 1 p3-11, 9p Hastak, M. &Mazis, M. B. (2011). Deception by Implication: A Typology of Truthful but Misleading Advertising and Labeling Claims. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, Vol. 30 Issue: Number 2 p157-167, 11p Hemsley-Brown, J., &Goonawardana, S. (2007). Brand harmonization in the international higher education market.Journal of Business Research,60, 942–948. Karen, A.B & Harlan, P.W. (1997).Developing advertising and promotion strategies for Higher Education.Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 7:4,61-72,DOI:1300/J050v07n04 05   Kerr, G. Waller, D. &Patti, C. (2009). Advertising Education in Australia. Journal of Marketing Education, Vol. 31 Issue: Number 3 p264-274, 11p; Khanna, M. Isaac J. &Neha, Y. 2014.Identifying and analyzing touch points for building a higher education brand. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 24:1,122- 143,DOI:10.10880/08841241.2014.920460 LaTour, K, A. &LaTour, M. S. (2009). Positive Mood and Susceptibility to False Advertising. Journal of Advertising, Vol. 38 Issue: Number 3 p127-142, 16p Lowry, J. R., & Owens, B. D. (2001).Developing a positioning strategy for a university. Services Marketing Quarterly, 22 (4), 27–41 Marwa,M. H, Nadia E. &Omneya, M.Y. (2013). Antecedents and Consequences of Student Satisfaction with e-Learning: The Case of Private Universities in Egypt.Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 23:2, 226-257, DOI:10.1080/08841241.2013.867919 McCorkle, D.,& Alexander, J.(1991).The Effects of AdvertisingEducation on Business Students' Attitudes toward Advertising.The Journal of Education for Business. Vol. 67 Issue: Number 2 p105-110, 6p Moogan, Y. J., Baron, S., & Harris, K. (1999). Decision-making behaviour of potential higher Educationstudents. Higher Education Quarterly,53(3), 211–228. Moogan, Y. J.&Baron, (2011). Can a higher education institution's marketing strategy improve the student-institution match? International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 25 Issue: Number 6 p570-589, 20p; Ogba, I., Saul, N. & Coates, N. (2012). Predicting students’ attitudes towards advertising on a university Virtual Learning Environment (VLE).Active Learning in Higher Education, Vol. 13 Issue: Number 1 p63-75, 13p; Peter R. D. &Robin J.B. (2007). The Defensive Consumer: Advertising Deception, Defensive Processing, and Distrust. Journal of Marketing Research: February 2007, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 114-127. Shabbir, H., & Thwaites, D.(2007). The Use of Humor to Mask Deceptive Advertising: It's No Laughing Matter. Journal of Advertising, Vol. 36 Issue: Number 2 p75-85, 11p Teodoro, L. M. & Luis, D. T. (2013). What do graduates think? An analysis of intention to repeat the same studies and university. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 23:1, 62-89, DOI: 10.1080/08841241.2013.812589 Soutar, G. N. & Turner, J. P. (2002). Students’ preferences for university: A conjoint analysis. The International Journal of Educational Management,1(16), 40–45 Stuart, P. G. (2001). Lying, Misleading, and Falsely Denying: How Moral Concepts Inform the Law of Perjury, Fraud, and False Statements. Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 53, 2001 Xie, G., Madrigal, R. & Boush, D.(2014).Disentangling the Effects of Perceived Deception and Anticipated Harm on Consumer Responses to Deceptive Advertising. Journal of Business Ethics, 101, Issue: Number Preprints p1-13, 13p; Xie, G. & Boush, D. (2011). How susceptible are consumers to deceptive advertising claims? A retrospective look at the experimental research literature. The Marketing Review, Vol. 11 Issue: Number 3 p293-314, 22p; https://mail.ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-20_c-184.pdf Louis Mosake Njomo Private Higher Education deception students advertisement Cameroon High School 527176 15 0

185 https://mail.ijhem.com/details&cid=185 2014-11-09 This paper covers Retail Management, globalization, ethical and legal issues related to the Retail Industry. Specifically the paper looks to a connection between a company’s emphases on culture as a mechanism to assure compliance. This paper looks at some relatively recent current events by Retail Industry giants like Walmart and Kroger. Leveraging secondary research these events will be discussed. In addition this paper will leverage primary and secondary research to help highlight a company’s culture as a very effective mechanism to prevent compliance failures. The primary research included in this paper was conducted via anonymous phone interviews. Interviewees were assured of anonymity, and provided the aggregated anonymous research results for their efforts. Interviewees were asked a script of questions that range from Yes/No questions, to scale questions and open ended questions. The interviewees included in the survey were confirmed to be seniorlevel human resource professionals with a focus on compliance. This primary research is not positioned to be statistically representative of all global retailers. This primary research does reflect a perceptive given the reach and size of the selected companies that participated. The primary research in support of this paper is limited to only a select few respondents. This is likely due to the nature of the compliance function in companies erring on the side of caution. Global retailers have many, large force Dunne, P. (2008).  Retailing. (6th Edition). Thomson South-Western. Silveira, P., Rodriguez, C., Birukou, A., Casati, F., Daniel, F., D'Andrea, V., Worledge & C., Zouhair, T. (2012), Aiding Compliance Governance in Service-Based Business Processes, IGI Global. McGreevy, M.  Reuters.  (2008) “AMR Research Finds Spending on Governance, Risk Management, and Compliance Will Exceed...” Retrieved on January 19, 2014, from http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/03/25/idUS138521+25-Mar-2008+PRN20080325.  Shelton, D. (2003). “The Impact of Economic Globalization on Compliance.” Economic Globalization and Compliance with International Environmental Agreements. Retrieved on January 20, 2014, from http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1229&context=faculty_publications.  Barstow, D.  (2012, April 21) “Vast Mexico Bribery Case Hushed Up by Walmart after Top-Level Struggle.” The New York Times.  Retrieved on January 20, 2014, from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/business/at-wal-mart-in-mexico-a-bribe-inquiry-silenced.html?pagewanted=all.  Green, F.  (2006, October 17) “Ralphs to pay $70 million in settlement.” Union Tribune San Diego.  Retrieved on January 22, 2014, from  http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061017/news_1b17ralphs.html.   “Global Powers of Retailing 2013 Retail Beyond.” Deloitte.  (2013) Retrieved on January 28, 2014, from  http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-Australia/Local%20Assets/Documents/Industries/Consumer%20business/Deloitte_Global_Powers_of_Retail_2013.pdf. “The True Cost of Compliance – A Benchmark Study of Multinational Corporations.” Ponemon Institute. (2011) Retrieved on January 30, 2014, from  http://www.tripwire.com/tripwire/assets/File/ponemon/True_Cost_of_Compliance_Report.pdf.   Bernstein, S., Kipp, B. “Addendum to State of Compliance 2013 Survey Retail and Consumer Industry Report.” PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. (2013) Retrieved on January 30, 2014, from  http://www.pwc.com/us/compliancebenchmark 2013.   Walmart Corporate website.  Retrieved on January 17, 2014, from  http://corporate.walmart.com/.  Staff Writer. (2013, March 27) “Walmart's Bribery Mess in Mexico Could Mean Profit Loss, Company Says.” Fox News Latino.  Retrieved on February 01, 2014, from  http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/03/27/Walmart-bribery-mess-in-mexico-could-mean-profit-loss-company-says/.   Feeley, J.  (2013, January 29) “Wal-Mart Accused of Using Mexican Governor to Push Bribes.” Bloomberg.  Retrieved on January 12, 2014, from  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-29/wal-mart-accused-of-using-mexican-governor-to-push-bribes.html.  Friedman, M.  (2013, December 9) “Wal-Mart's Costs Connected To Mexican Bribery Case Reach $400M.” Arkansas Business.  Retrieved on January 17, 2014, from  http://www.arkansasbusiness.com/article/96030/wal-marts-costs-connected-to-mexican-bribery-case-reach-400m?page=all.  Brown, A.  (2012, April 23). “Mexican Bribery Scandal Could Cost Wal-Mart $4.5 Billion; Shares Down 4.7%.” Forbes.  Retrieved on February 3, 2014, from  http://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2012/04/23/spooked-investors-sink-wal-mart-nearly-5-after-bribery-revelations-at-least-4-5b-penalty-likely/.  Mrozek, T.  (2006, November 14). “Ralph’s Grocery Company Pays $70 Million to Resolve Criminal Case of Rehiring Workers During Labor Dispute.” U.S. Department of Justice.  Retrieved on February 1, 2014, from  http://www.justice.gov/usao/cac/Pressroom/pr2006/157.html.  Vlasic, B.  (2012, December 26). “Toyota Agrees to Settle Lawsuit Tied to Accelerations.” The New York Times.  Retrieved on December 26, 2013, from  http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/27/business/toyota-settles-lawsuit-over-accelerator-recalls-impact.html?_r=0. Parker, E.  (2011, March 15). “Ethisphere Announces 2011 World’s Most Ethical Companies.” Business Wire.  Retrieved on February 5, 2014, from  http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110315006776/en/Ethisphere-Announces-2011-World%E2%80%99s-Ethical-Companies. “World’s Most Ethical (WME) Companies - 2013.” Ethisphere Institute..  (2013) Retrieved on February 6, 2014, from http://ethisphere.com/worlds-most-ethical/wme-honorees/. Appendix Primary Research Questions 1)    Please describe your role. 2)    Does your company have a whistle blowing policy?  Can you describe it? 3)    Does your company have any training around ethics? a.    Web Based Training  Y/N b.    Onsite Y/N c.    Distributed material Y/N 4)    If you do have ethics training, what is the frequency of the training? 5)    Are you aware of the Wal-Mart Mexico bribery scandal?    Yes/No 6)    What were your reactions to the scandal in question, if any? 7)    In your opinion, what allowed the Wal-Mart Mexico scandal to happen? 8)    Before the scandal was publicized, how confident were you in your company’s controls to prevent a similar scandal?  (Scale of 1 – 10, with 1 being least confident and 10 being most confident.) 9)    After the scandal was publicized, how confident were you in your company’s controls to prevent a similar scandal?  (Scale of 1 – 10, with 1 being least confident and 10 being most confident.) a.    Why? 10)    Although the scandal was with Wal-Mart, do you feel your company has felt increased pressure from regulators? 11)    What do you think is the biggest risk in your company to mitigate, in order to prevent a similar scenario from taking place? 12)    Any other comments you may have around this topic of ethics in the retail industry and your company? 13)    What additional steps would you recommend for your company and other retailers to implement in order to assure avoidance of the above scenario (Wal-Mart Mexico bribery)?   https://mail.ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/content_50489_18-02-25-11-41-09.pdf Nicole F. Church Retail Industry Compliance Globalization Culture Corporate Conscience and Corporate Social Responsibility. 529462 23 0

186 https://mail.ijhem.com/details&cid=186 2014-11-09 Customer service is an integral part of doing business today. Customer service providers must have adequate preparation to interact effectively with the customer. The preparation is a result of a commitment to increase understanding of the customer service industry, the knowledge of current trends, the ability to interpret those trends and the development of the fundamental skills necessary to achieve excellence. The aim of this is to analyse perceptions of job satisfaction levels at grocery retailers in South Africa and establish whether there is a relationship between job satisfaction and motivation of retail employees at grocery retailers in Pretoria, South Africa. It is evident from the research that the majority of respondents 43 percent strongly disagree with the statement that employee attitude is commendable, a view that is disputed by management. Management is of the impression that it is doing enough to address customer satisfaction problems. The research also established that the customer’s perception is that there is little empowerment to the frontline staff. The conducted research finally has established that there is a positive correlation between job satisfaction and motivation of retail employees of grocery retailers. Armstrong, M. (2001): A handbook of Personnel Management Practice, 6th Edition, London, Kogan Page Limited. Bateman, T.S., Zeithaml, C.P. (2003): Management Function & Strategy, 2nd Edition, Irwin Inc. Blem, N. (2005): Service Please South Africa, Juta & Co, Ltd. Carr, C (2007); Front-line Customer Service : 15 keys To Customer Satisfaction, Canada : Wiley & Sons, Inc. Christopher, M (2002): The Customer Service Planner, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.  Clutterbuck, D., Clark, G., Armstead, C. (2003): “Inspired Customer Service,” Strategies for service Quality, Kogan Page Limited, London. Cranny, Smith & Stone, 2002 cited in Weiss, H. M. (2005). Deconstructing job satisfaction: separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 173-194, p.174  Deeprose, D (2006): How To Recognize & Reward Employees, New York: Amacom. De Poy, E & Gitlin, L. M (2004) Customer Service volume 1 page 32-34. Fried, Y., & Ferris, G. R. (2007). The validity of the Job Characteristics Model: A review and meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 40(2), 287-322.  Fisher D. (2000).Mood and emotions while working: missing pieces of job satisfaction? Journal of Organizational Behaviour 21, 185±202 Hacker, C.A (2007): The High Cost Of Low Morale…And What To Do About It, USA: CRC Press LLC.  Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (2006). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. New Jersey: Prentice- Hall Inc. Heskett, J.L., Jones, T.O. 2006. “Putting the Service-Profit Chain to Work”, Harvard Business Review, March-April, p164-165. Locke 2007 cited in Brief, A. P., & Weiss, H. M. (2009). Organizational behavior: affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 279-307, p. 282  Robbins, S. P (2006): Organisational Behavior, Eighth Edition, New Jersey: Prentice- Hall Inc. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. 2007. “Research methods for business research”. London: Pitman Publishing. The Harvard Professional Group. Three Hallmarks of a Career Position. http://www.harvardpro.com/careerjobs5a.htm. 2005. Weiss, H. M. (2006). Deconstructing job satisfaction: separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 173-194, p. 174.  New Jersey: Prentice- Hall Inc. https://mail.ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-20_c-186.pdf Louise van Scheers Johan Botha Grocery retailers customer satisfaction employee job satisfaction employee job motivation 543372 49 0

187 https://mail.ijhem.com/details&cid=187 2014-11-09 This research aims to provide guidance for the management of supply chains to improve the likelihood and extent of open innovation, and the management of trust with regard to coupling the potential role of the customer, competitors and suppliers to increase supply chain performance. It is the purpose of this study to introduce a model for applying open innovation privileged in supply chains. Through the understanding of the level of open innovation inside the Egyptian organizations – namely the automobile industry – it will investigate if there is a difference in the level of trust held between different trust types. A survey using an extant study is undertaken at multinational automobile assembly lines in Egypt. It involved one type of questionnaire completed by the middle managerial level. The presented model identifies a relationship between trust and open innovation in supply chains. Consequently, it could lead to the enhancement of customer satisfaction, an increase in internal customer performance and the development of innovative products. This explorative study also indicates that multinational automobile assembly lines working in Egypt are willing to apply the right amount of open innovation. The study is based on a relatively small sample of limited geographic scope (one country: Egypt), and of a short duration (one-year coverage). Future research should expand the geographic coverage to other parts of the world and prolong the duration. Internal r Anderson, E. & Weitz, B. (1992) The use of pledges to build and sustain commitment in distribution channels. Journal of Marketing Research, 29 (1), 18–34. Anderson, J. C. & Narus, J. A. (1990) A model of distributor firm and manufacturer firm working partnerships. Journal of Marketing, 54 (1), 42–58. Antikainen M., Mäkipää, M. & Ahonen, M. (2010) Motivating and supporting collaboration in open innovation. 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Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 13 (4), 283–295. Chesbrough, H. (2003) Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profit in from Technology. Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press. ––––– (2004), Managing open innovation. Research Technology Management, 47 (1), 23–26. ––––– (2006) Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation Landscape. Cambridge, MA, Harvard Business School Press. Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W. & West, J. (eds.) (2006) Open Innovation: Researching a new paradigm. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Christensen, C. M. (1997) The Innovators Dilemma: When new technologies cause great firms to fail. Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press. Coleman, J. S. (1990) Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge & Boston, MA, TheBelknap Press of Harvard University Press. Corazzini, J. G. (1977) Trust as a complex multi-dimensional construct. Psychological Reports, 40, 75–80. De FreitasDewes, M., Gonçalez, O. L., Pássaro, A. &Padula, A. D. (2010) Open innovation as an alternative for strategic development in the aerospace industry in Brazil. Journal of Aerospace Technology Management, 2 (3), 349–360. De Jong, J. P. J., Vanhaverbeke, W., Kalvet, T. & Chesbrough, H. (2008) Policies for Open Innovation: Theory, Framework and Cases. [Research project] Helsinki, Finland,VISION Era-Net. Dell’Era, C. (2010) Collaborative strategies in design-intensive industries: knowledge diversity and innovation. Long Range Planning, 43 (1), 123–141. Deutsch, M. (1960) The effect of motivational orientation upon trust and suspicion. Human Relations,13 (2), 123–140. Doney, P. M. & Cannon, J. P. (1997) An examination of the nature of trust in buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Marketing, 61 (2), 35–51. Drucker, P. F. (1988) The coming of the new organization. Harvard Business Review, 66 (1), 45–53. Ebersberger B., Bloch, C., Herstad, S. J. & Van De Veld, E. (2010) Open innovation practices and their effect on innovation performance. 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(1994) Determinants of long-term orientation in buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Marketing, 58 (2), 1–19. Gassmann, O. &Enkel, E. (2004) Towards a Theory of Open Innovation: Three Core Process Archetypes. [Mimeo] University of St. Gallen, Switzerland, Institute of Technology Management. Gassmann O., Enkel, E. & Chesbrough, H. (2010) The future of open innovation. R&D Management,40 (3), 213–221. Geyskens, I. & Steenkamp, J. B. (1995) An investigation into the joint effects of trust and interdependence on relationship commitment. In: Bergadaà, M. (ed.), Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the European Marketing Academy, pp. 351–371. Gibson, I. W. (2001) At the intersection of technology and pedagogy: Considering styles of learning and teaching. Journal of Information Technology for Teacher Education, 10 (1), 37–61. Gillespie N. & Mann, L. (2004) Transformational leadership and shared values: The building blocks of trust. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19 (6), 588–607. Gounaris, S. P. (2005) Trust and commitment influences on customer retention: Insights from business-to-business services. Journal of Business Research, 58, 126–140. Grönroos, C. (2007) Service Management and Marketing.3rd ed. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons. Grönroos, C. &Helle, P. (2010) Adopting a service logic in manufacturing: Conceptual foundation and metrics for mutual value creation. Journal of Service Management, 21 (5), 564–590. Grøtnes E. (2009) Standardization as open innovation: Two cases from the mobile industry. Information Technology & People, 22 (4), 367–381. Gulati, R. (1995) Does familiarity breed trust? The implications of repeated ties for contractual choice in alliances. Academy of Management Journal, 38 (1), 85–112. Ha, B., Park, Y. & Cho, S. (2011) Suppliers' affective trust and trust in competency in buyers: Its effect on collaboration and logistics efficiency. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 31 (1), 56–77. Hagedoorn, J. 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R., Cangemi, J. P. & Caillouet, L. M. (1986) Exploring organizational trust and its multiple dimensions: A case study of General Motors. Organizational Development Journal, 4 (2), 31–39. Hart, S. (1996) New Product Development. London, Dryden Press. Hellström, T. & Malmquist, U. (2000) Networked innovation: Developing the AXE110 ‘mini-exchange’ at Ericsson. European Journal of Innovation Management, 3 (4), 181–189. Hippel, E. (1986) Lead Users: A Source of Novel Product Concepts. Management Science, 32 (7), 791–805. ––––– (2005) Democratizing Innovation. Cambridge, MA & London, MIT Press. Hippel, E. & Katz, R. (2002) Shifting innovation to users via toolkits. Management Science, 48 (7), 821–833. Hippel, E. & Urban, G. I. (1988) Lead user analyses for the development of new industrial products. Management Science, 34 (5), 569–582. Hutchins, E. (1991) Social organization of distributed cognition. In: Resnick, L., Levine, J. &Treasley, S. (eds.) Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition, Washington DC, APA Press.  IBM SPSS (2012) SPSS BASE 21.0 User's Guide. Chicago, IL, SPSS. Inauen, M. &Wicki, A. (2011) The impact of outside-in open innovation on innovation performance. European Journal of Innovation Management, 14 (4), 496–520. Jackson, B. B. (1985a) Build customer relationships that last. Harvard Business Review, 63 (6), 120–128. Jackson, B. B. (1985b) Winning and Keeping Industrial Customers. Lexington, MA, Lexington Books. Johnson, D. & Grayson, K. (1999) Sources and dimensions of trust in service relationships. In: Swartz, T. A. & Iaccobucci, D. (eds.) Services Marketing and Management, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications. Jung, D. I. & Avolio, B. J. (2000) Opening the black box: An experimental investigation of the mediating effects of trust and value congruence on transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21 (8), 949–964. Laeequddin, M. & Sardana, G. D. (2010) What breaks trust in customer supplier relationship? Management Decision, 48 (3), 353–365. Laursen, K. & Salter, A. (2006) Open for innovation: The role of openness in explaining innovation performance among U.K. manufacturing firms. Strategic Management Journal, 27 (2), 131–150. Lee, S., Park, G., Yoon, B. & Park, J. (2009) Open innovation in SMEs – An intermediated network model. Research Policy, 39 (2), 290–300. Lee, S. Y. (2007) Structural Equation Modeling: A Bayesian approach. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons. Leonard-Barton, D. (1995) Wellsprings of Knowledge: Building and Sustaining the Sources of Innovation. Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press. Li, T. & Calantone, R. J. (1998) The impact of market knowledge competence on new product advantage: Conceptualization and empirical evidence. Journal of Marketing, 62 (4), 13−29. Lindgreen, A. (2003) Trust as a valuable strategic variable in the food industry: Different types of trust and their implementation. British Food Journal, 105 (6), 310–327. Luhmann, N. (1979) Trust and Power. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons. Maklan, S., Knox, S. & Ryals, L. (2008) New trends in innovation and customer relationship management: A challenge for market researchers. International Journal of Market Research, 50 (2), 221–240. Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H. & Schoorman, F. D. (1995) An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20 (3), 709–734. Mollering, G. (2004) Understanding organizational trust – foundations, constellations, and issues of operationalization. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19 (6), 556–570. Moorman, C., Zaltman, G. & Deshpande, R. (1992) Relationships between providers and users of marketing research: The dynamics of trust within and between organizations. Journal of Marketing Research, 58 (3), 20–38. Morgan, R. M. & Hunt, S. D. (1994) The commitment trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58 (3), 20–38. Muller, A., Hutchins, N. & Cardoso Pinto, M. (2012) Applying open innovation where your company needs it most. Strategy & Leadership, 40 (2), 35–42. Niu, K. (2010) Organizational trust and knowledge obtaining in industrial clusters. Knowledge Management, 14 (1), 141–155. Nyhan, R. C. (2000) Changing the paradigm: Trust and its role in public sector organizations. American Review of Public Administration, 30 (1), 87–109. Olson, E. L. & Bakke, G. (2001) Implementing the lead user method in a high technology firm: A longitudinal study of intentions versus actions.Journal of Product Innovation Management, 18(6),388–395. O’Malley, L. (1998) Can loyalty schemes really build loyalty? Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 16, 47–56. Perkmann, M. & Walsh, K. (2007) University-industry relationships and open innovation: Towards a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9 (4), 259–280. Pimentel Claro, D., De Oliveira Claro, P. B. & Hagelaar, G. (2006)Coordinating collaborative joint efforts with suppliers: The effects of trust, transaction specific investments and information network in the Dutch flower industry. Supply Chain Management, 11 (3), 216–224. Pooltan, J. & Barclay, I. (1998) New product development from past research to future applications. Industrial Marketing Management, 27, 197–212. Raykov, T. & Marcoulides, G. A. (2006) A First Course in Structural Equation Modeling. 2nded. New York, Routledge. Reinartz, W., Krafft, M. & Hoyer, W. D. (2004) The customer relationship management process: Its measurement and impact on performance. Journal of Marketing Research, 41 (3), 293–305. Rigby, D. &Zook, C. (2002) Open market innovation. Harvard Business Review, 26 (3), 3–17. Ring, P. S. & Van de Ven, A. H. (1994) Developmental processes of cooperative interorganizational relationships. Academy of Management Review, 19 (1), 90–118.  Rogers E. M., Singhal, A. & Dearing, J. W. (eds.)(2005) Communication of Innovations: A Journey with Ev Rogers. New Delhi, Sage. Rosenberg, N. (1994) Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics & History. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Rowley, J. (2011) Innovation for Survival: From Cooperation to Collaboration. Advances in Librarianship, 34 (‘Librarianship in Times of Crisis’), 207–224. Sahay, B. S. (2003) Understanding trust in supply chain relationship. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 103 (8), 553–563. Schreiber, J. B. (2008) Core reporting practices in structural equation modeling. Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, 4 (2), 83–97.  Shamah, R. A. M. (2012) Innovation within green service supply chains for a value creation. Journal of Modelling in Management, 7 (3), 357–374. Shamah, R. A. M. & Elsawaby, S. (2015) Facing the Open Innovation Gap: Measuring and Building Open Innovation in Supply Chains; Journal of Modelling in Management, 11 (2) Shapiro, S. P. (1987) The social control of impersonal trust. American Journal of Sociology, 93 (3), 623–658. Shockley-Zalabak, P., Ellis, K. & Winograd, G. (2000) Organizational trust: What it means, why it matters. Organization Development Journal, 18 (4), 35–48. Simcoe, T. S. (2006) Open standards and intellectual property rights. In: Chesbrough, H. W., Vanhaverbeke, W. & West, J. (eds.) Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Sloane, P. (2011) The brave new world of open innovation. Strategic Direction, 27 (5), 3–4. Song, M., Di Benedetto, C. A. & Zhao, Y. L. (1999) Pioneering advantages in manufacturing and service industries: Empirical evidence from nine countries. Strategic Management Journal, 20 (9), 811–836. Spekman, R. E. & Davis, E. W. (2004) Risky business: Expanding the discussions on risk and the extended enterprise. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 34 (5), 414–433. Strickland, L. H. (1958) Surveillance and trust.Journal of Personality, 26 (2), 200–215. Sumarna, E. (2010) Beginning of the small progress. In: Myelin, R. K.(ed.) Seputar Indonesia Daily, 25 April, p. 2. Svensson, G. (2001) Perceived trust towards suppliers and customers in supply chains of the Swedish automotive industry. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 31 (9), 647–662. ––––– (2004) Vulnerability in business relationships: The gap between dependence and trust.Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 19 (7), 469–483. Swan, J. E. & Trawick, I. F. (1987) Building customer trust in the industrial salesperson: Process and outcomes. Advances in Business Marketing, 2, 81–113. Thompson, G., Frances, J., Levačič, R. & Mitchell, J. (eds.) (1994) Markets, Hierarchies & Networks: The Coordination of Social Life. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications. Tornatsky, L. G. & Klein, K. J. 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(1993) Collective mind in organizations: Heedful interrelating on West, J., Vanhaverbeke, W. & Chesbrough, H. (2006) Open innovation: A research agenda. In: Chesbrough, H. W., Vanhaverbeke, W. & West, J. (eds.) Open Innovation, Researching a New Paradigm. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 285–307. Zaltman, G. & Moorman, C. (1988) The importance of personal trust in the use of research. Journal of Advertising Research, October/November, 16–24. Zand, D. E. (1972) Trust and managerial problem solving. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17 (2), 229–239. ––––– (1978) Trust and managerial problem solving. In: Leland, P. B. (ed.) Group Development. 2nd ed. La Jolla, CA, University Associates, pp. 182–197. https://mail.ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-20_c-187.pdf Rania A.M. Shamah Shaymaa M.M. Elsawaby Open Innovation Trust Supply chains 645586 13 0

188 https://mail.ijhem.com/details&cid=188 2014-11-09 Since the dawn of democracy South Africa has embarked in a process of dismantling protectionist business and trade policies, and made the country’s stream of commerce one of the preferred globally. The country’s sound competition and trade policies, natural resource endowments, market size and regional influence, attracted foreign businesss and foreign direct invetsment (FDI). Equally the country has been under pressure to protect the domestic industries from injurious competition and business, through sector specific laws, anti-dumping and countervailing duties laws, investment and competition regime. The concern has been the likilelihood of the introduction of trade and competition barriers, and the allienation of FDI. This paper critically examines the impact the country’s antidumping and competition law and practice upon foreign direct investment. Domestic industries have never been shy to file anti-dumping and anti-competition suits against foreign companies, sometimes even when there might be a public outcry. Relevant examples of these suits include the famous Wal-Mart anti-competition case, and recently the Brazilian frozen fowl meat anti-dumping case. Brink, G. (2004).  A Theoretical Framework for South African Anti-dumping Law (Unpublished LLD Thesis Pretoria University). Charveriat, C., Hutjes, M., Leung, T., and Gavidia, D.P. (2003). The Emperor’s New Clothes: Why Rich Countries want a WTO Investment Agreement. Washington D.C; Brussels; Geneva and New York: OXFAM International. Cosbey, A. (2002). Foreign Investment: Making it Work for Sustainable Development. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute for Sustainable Development. Cosbey, A.  (2005). International Investment Agreements and Sustainable Development: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute for Sustainable Development. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI ). Annual Report 2013 – 2013. 2013, www.thedti.gov.za  04 December 2013.  Ensor L. (2013). Poulterers Fear Influx of Chicken from EU, Business Day.  01 April. p.2.  http://www.itac.org.za/itac-in-media.asp. 17 August 2013. Esterhuizen, D. (2013). South Africa Poultry Update: The Supply and Demand for Broiler Meat in South Africa. [Online]. 29 January 2013.   http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications 11 August 2013. Frozen Meat of Fowls – Brazil, ITAC Report No. 389. Hoawkins, P., and Lockwood, K. (2001). Strategy for Attracting Foreign Direct Investment, A paper presented to the Economic Society of South Africa’s Biennal Conference, Glenburn Lodge (13 September 2001)   Increase in the Rates of Custom Duty on Frozen Meat Fowls of the Gallus Domesticus: Whole Birds, Boneless Cuts, Bone-In Portions, Carcasses and Offal : ITAC Report No. 442 Kruger P. (2012). The Impact of WTO Law on Foreign Investment: The Wallmart/Massmart Merger. Stellenbosch: Tralac.  http://www.tralac.org/files/2012/02/S12WP032012-Kruger-Impact-WTO-law-foreign-investment-WalmartMassmart-merger-FIN.pdf  28 September 2013 Macroy et al (ed) (2005). The World Trade Organisation: Legal, Economic and Political Analysis. Peterson, L. (2004). Bilateral Investment Treaties and Development Policy-Making. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute for Sustainable Development. Sibanda, O.S. (2011). South African Anti-Dumping Law and Practice: A Juridical and Comparative Analysis of Procedural and Substantive Issues. (Unpublished LLD Thesis North West University). Sibanda O.S. (2001). The Interpretation and Application of Section 3 of the Competition Act: Lessons from American Antitrust Laws. South African Mercantile Law Journal. 13(1), 26. Sibanda O.S. (2013a). An Assessment of the WTO Compliance of the South African Anti-Dumping Regime in respect of the Determination of Causation. THRHR. 76 Sibanda O.S. (2013b). The Weighted Average Price Determination in Anti-dumping in South Africa: Is There Fowl Play. in Kirkegaard, S (ed). Law and Practice – Critical Analysis and Legal Reasoning. International Association of IT Lawyers.  Tao, P. (2006). Dumping and Anti-Dumping Regulations with Specific Reference to the Legal Framework in South Africa and China (2006) LLM dissertation, University of the Free State   https://mail.ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-20_c-188.pdf Omphemetse S Sibanda Anti-Dumping Competition Consumers Domestic Industry Investment Divestment Protection Tariffs 540552 15 0