JBRMR 2056-6271 https://doi.org/10.24052/JBRMR/ 10 Volume 02 Issue 1 2007-10-01

59 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=59 2012-02-28 Any business enterprise ceteris paribus is in to make profit and minimise losses save a charity. Hence the activities and the management of the people are directed towards an end, towards certain goals (Mullin, 1999). However the organisation’s real estate decisions and would be plausible if such are geared towards supporting the overall business objectives of the organisation in question. In that regard, the objectives could be realised if conscious effort is made of how the real estate strategy support corporate strategy coupled with the sub-strategies for component elements of the organisation and then in turn how specific real estate operating decisions support the real estate strategy. Hence it is imperative that the organisations must ensure that its corporate business goals consciously align with its real state, construction and facilities programme. It is then that the above goals would be realised American Institute of Real Estate Appraisers (AIREA) Manual, 7th Edition, Chicago    Illinois (1978)  British American Tobacco Company Limited (BAT) Takoradi, Annual General   Meeting, (AGM) Report, Takoradi, 2001, Ghana  Balch W. F. (1994). An Integrated Approach to Property and Facilities Management, Facilities, Vol. 12. No. 1 Bodrozic, J., (2005). Aligning Facility Portfolios with Corporate Business Strategy, Building Services Professional Cochrane, P. (1995) The information way, First Institute of Direct Marketing Symposium, Institute of Direct Marketing, Teddington Cooley, Nevin D. (2006) President, High Real Estate Group, Halcyon Business    Publications, Inc. Currie, D. and Scott, A. (1991) The Place of Commercial Property in the UK    Economy, Centre for Economic Forecasting, London Business School, January Executives, MIT, Cambridge MA Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC) Act, 1994 (Act 478) Gibson, Ms VA 2004 University of Reading UK Internal Revenue Service Act, 2000, Ghana  Joroff, M. et al. (1993) Strategic Management of the fifth Resource: Corporate Real  Estate, Industrial Development Research Foundation, USA KLG (2007) 1045th Avenue NY  Lawrence P. R. and J. R. Lorsch (1967) Organisation and Environment: Managing     Differentiation and Integration, Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press  Lax D. A. and J. K. Sebenius (1986) The Manager as a Negotiator, New York, Frees     Press, pg. 264-267, 339-62 Mitchell, W. J. (1995) City of Bits: Space, Time and their Infobahn, The MIT Press,  Cambridge, Mass. Mullin, Laurie J. (1999) Management and Organisation Behaviour, 5th Ed.,Prentice   Hall, Essex, UK Nkansah-Asamoah, C. K. (1997) Property Management in our Contemporary Era,     Estate Appraiser, Department of Land Economy, UST, Kumasi, Ghana Nkansah-Asamoah, C. K. (2001) Managing Service Charges in Commercial Property     in Ghana, Article in the Surveyor (quarterly) GhIS, Ghana Nkansah-Asamoah, C. K. (2004) Real Estate and Corporate Strategy –course work  supervised by Prof. David Isaac, (Prof. of Real Estate ) School of Architecture and Construction, Avery Hill, University of Greenwich, London Nourse, Hugh O. (1990) Corporate Real Estate Ownership as a form of vertical    Integra    tion, Real Estate Review 20:3, pp. 9-10 University Press Nourse, Hugh O. and Stephen E. Roulac, (1993) Linking Real Decisions to Corporate Strategy, The Journal of Real Estate Research, Vol.8, No. 4  Ronko, Bon. Facilities, Vol. 2 No. 5, 1994, pp. 9-10 University Press Then, Danny Shiem-Shin, (2000) The role of real estate assets, Facilities Volume 18,   Number 7/8, 273-280 Unilever Ghana Limited, Annual Report & Financial Statements, 2005, 2006 Weatherhead, M, (1997) – Real Estate in Corporate Strategy –Macmillan, London White, A. and Taylor, N. (1995) Development Plans: BT’s response to the Planning and Compensation Act 1991, Chartered Surveyor Monthly , March William Ofori & Co., Ghana (Listed in the Estate Gazette and also registered under   the Ghana Institution of Surveyors -Real Estate Consultants) Veale, P. R. (1989) Managing Corporate Real Estate Assets: Current Executive  attitudes and Prospects for an emergent discipline, Journal of Real Estate Research, 4:3 pg. 1-22 Zeckhauser, S. and R. Silverman (1983) Rediscovering your company’s Real Estate Harvard Business Review pg. 111-17 https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-18-25-55-PM.pdf Charles K. Nkansah-Asamoah Geoffrey Tumwesigye . 598709 70 0

60 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=60 2012-02-28 This paper looks at some of the reasons for the existence of the phenomena of political and economic integration in Africa. The paper addresses what the concepts of integration mean. It also examines some of the theoretical frameworks and approaches to integration. The paper further tries to answer the question, why is integration important? This is examined from the point the challenges confronting African. The article however moves on to address the reality on the ground. It looks at some of the issues causing the contingent to keep ‘marking time’. Since the days of the Organisation of African Unity; Unity has arguable eluded Africa. .These include the multiplicity of regional groups, sheer lack of Political and the division between the so-called ‘gradualists’ and ‘radicals’. For integration to flourish and help address African’s numerous problems, the ruling elites will have to recommit themselves to integration and not rely on rhetoric’s. Ordinary Africans and the African Diaspora must as a matter of necessity is at the core of integration in Africa. These are some of the recommendations outlined to help get integration off its marks. Richardson, J. (2001) ed., European Union- Power and policy-making (2nd). London: Routledge. Babarinde, F. (2003) Regionalism and Economic Development in Nnadozie, E., (ed.), African Economic Development. USA: Academic Press  CAMEI(2006:14) Consultative meetings of Accra and Lusaka: Consolidated Report First Conference of African Ministers of Economic Integration (CAMEI)Meeting of Experts 27-28 March 2006 Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) http://uk.search.yahoo.com/search;_ylt=A0geuo4Yh.ZGwEwAd51LBQx.?p=CONSULTATIVE+MEETINGS+OF+ACCRA+AND+LUSAKA%3A+&y=Search&fr=moz2&rd=r1, Date Accessed: 6th  September 2007 COMES,  http://www.comesatradehub.com/NewsDetail.asp?news_id=367& Date Accessed: 6th  June 2007 Deeb, M.(1993) The Arab Maghribi Union and the prospect for North African Unity in W. Zartman and W. Habeeb (ed.), Polity and Society in Comtemporary. USA:North Africa Westview Press. Chime, C. (1977) Integration and Politics among African states: Linitations and horizons of mid-term theorizing. Copenhagen: Reklametryk. Coffey, P. (1995), The Future of Europe. USA: Edward Elgar Publishing   Harsch, E (2002) Africa Recovery, Vol.16 #2-3 (September 2002),  http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol16no2/162reg1.htm Date Accessed: 2th June.2007  Hellinger, D & Hammond, R(1994) debunking the myth, Africa Report special section on structural adjustment ,53 November –December  http://www.developmentgap.org/africa/debunking_the_myth.pdf Date Accessed: 20th Nov.2006 Mazzeo,D.(ed.), (1984) African Regional Oganizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McCormick, J. (1999) Understanding the European Union: A concise Introduction. London: Macmillan Muuka, G (:1998) Defense of World Bank and IMF Conditionality in Structural Adjustment Programs, Journal of Business in Developing Nations Volume 2  Nnadozie, E (2003) . Ed African Economic Development San Diego, CA: Academic Press,  Nye Jnr., J. (1969) Pan-Africanism and East African Integration. Massachuesetts: Harvard University press. Rothchild, D. (ed.), (1968) Politics of Integration: An East African documentary. East African Publishing House  Soori, B (2003) Regional Economic Communities as a development in African: Lessons Learnt, Dissertation (Master of Arts) University of East Anglia Zartman, W & Habeeb, W.(1993) (ed.), Polity and Society in Contemporary USA :North Africa West view Press. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-18-26-37-PM.pdf Batuuroh I. P. Soori Alice Kisembo Masereka Dina Yawa Apedoe-Dzidza Regional Economic Communities the Organisation of African Unity / African Economic Community the Lagos Plan of Action / Final Act of Lagos 593136 73 0

61 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=61 2012-02-28 This article deals with the indispensable role played by innovation and knowledge in improving the efficiency of an organisation. It discusses the methods used by an organisation to identify the wealth of knowledge deposited in its workforce and how it endeavours to hone their skills and abilities in order to create innovative products and services so that it (i.e. the organisation) steers ahead of its competitors. The article further explains the advantages of outsourcing innovation and knowledge and goes a great length in emphasising the importance of collaborative research as a means of sharing knowledge and best practices. The relationship between knowledge, innovation and organisational effectiveness has been sufficiently encapsulated in this article, making it easy for readers to synthesize the benefits that could be derived from such a relationship in order to make viable and realistic decisions Alleanna Leonard, August 1999. ”A Viable System Model: Consideration of  Knowledge Management”. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice. pp10.  Charlan Jeanne Nemeth, (1997), “Managing Innovation: When Less is more”.pp1.  David Skyrme. 1997, “From Information Management to Knowledge     Management: Are you prepared“. pp3. Denis Adcock, Ray Bradfield, Al Halborg and Caroline Ross, 1993. “ Marketing     Principles and Practice“ pp179. Drucker Peter, “The coming of the new organisation, Harvard Business Review“, pp 45-53 (Jan.- Feb.)  Debra M. Amidon, 1997. “Innovation Strategy For The Knowledge Economy:     The Ken Awakening’’, Butterworth Heinemann..  Dennis Lock and Nigel Farrow, “The Handbook of Management, 2nd Ed, “pp 43-    44. Ian Beardwell and Len Holden, 1994. “Human Resource Management, a     Contemporary Perspective“. pp 286.  John Bramham, “ Human Resource Planning. 2nd Ed, “pp 164. Jeanie Daniel Duck, 1998. “Managing Change, The Art of Balancing”. Harvard     Business Review On Change. November-December, pp 55. Laurie J, Mullins, 2005. ”Management and Organisational Behaviour 7th Ed.     pp910-911. Michael Armstrong, 2001. “A Handbook of Human Resource Management     Practice“. pp312-313. Nonaka Ikujiro and Takeuchi in, “From Information management to Knowledge:     Are you prepared“ 1997. pp2 by David Skyrme.  Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, John Saunders and Veronica Wong, 1999.     “Principles of Marketing“ 2nd European ed, pp603. Quinn J. B, “Outsourcing Innovation: The New Engine of Growth“ 2000. pp 1.  Quinn J. B . 1999. “Strategic Outsourcing: Leveraging Knowledge Capabilities” Sloan Management Review 40, pp 9-12.  Richard N Foster, 1997. “Innovation: The attackers Advantage “pp20. Robert G. Cooper 2007. “Winning at New Products: Pathways to profitable Innovation“ pp 4. Ramirez, M. and Dickenson, P. 2006. “Knowledge Workers and Knowledge  flows in China; a case study of innovation in China Beijing’sZhongguancun Science Park, pp 5-10. BRESE and Brunel Business School Publication.  Tracy Goss, Richard Pascale and Anthony Athos, 1993. “The Reinvention Roller  Coaster : Risking the Present for a Powerful Future” Harvard Business Review November- December, pp83. Ysanne Carlisle, 2002. “ Strategy For Business, “pp 303.  https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-18-27-18-PM.pdf Dr Benjamin Yemoh Gladys Njoh Innovation Knowledge Information Creativity Competitiveness Organisational Effectiveness 610261 93 0

62 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=62 2012-02-28 The last few years have witness unprecedented boarder crossing in the retail business especially in the retail trade with particular reference to grocery business since the establishment of single European market in 1992 (SEM). The rationale behind this research is to review the strategy being used by the grocery retailers who have managed to expand the scope of their operations beyond their national territories and still maintain their stand both at home and abroad despite the local competitions and perhaps in an, unhealthy and unfamiliar environment abroad. Based on this, the researcher adopts an interview and observation method of collecting data. Fifty respondents were interviewed and quantitatively analyzed from ten notable grocers in London. The findings deduced that, it is the quest for expansion on the part of the top management levels, good knowledge of the foreign cultures, homogeneity with viable or enabling environmental factors and suitable consumer market on both home and abroad that are the key success factor in the internationalization of grocery retailing Alexander, N., (1988) “Marketing the UK’s Retail Revolution Post 1992’’ The Quarterly Review of Marketing, autumn. pp. 1-5. Andrew, S. and Geofrey, R. (2001) “The Rise and Rise of the Supermarket Chains’’ Kogan Page, London Baker, M. and Hart S. (1988) Product Strategy and Management, London Prentice Hall, Financial Times Bartlett, C.A. and Ghoshal, S. (2000) “Changing the Role of Top Management beyond Strategy to Purpose’’, Journal of Harvard Business Review, 1994. Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. (2006) Principle of Marketing; fourth edition, Pearson Education Limited. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow Essex CM20 2JE Burt, S., (1989) “Trends in Management Issues in European Retailing’’, International Journal of Retailing, Vol.4 No. 4 pp. 1-97 Datta, P.R., Akwensivie, M.D. and Akwensivie, G. (2006) Store Design: “The effect of Iceland’s Refit Strategy on Food Consumers’’ The journal of Business and Retail Management Research. Vol. 1 issue 1 October, 2006. Edwards, L (1999) Retailing; The industrial Society, Robert Hyde House 48, Bryanston -Square, London. WIH 7LN. Hollander, S., (1970) Multinational Retailing, East Lancing, MI: Michigan State University. Hallsworth, A.G.,(1992) “Retail internationalisation: Contingency and Context?’’ European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 26 No. 8/9, pp. 25-34. Hill, C. W.L (2003) International Business McGraw-Hill Irwin Kotler, P. and Keller, K. L (2006) Marketing Management twelfth edition. Pearson Education Mayers, H., (1995) The Changing process of internationalisation in the European Union’’ The service Industry Journal Vol. 15, Oct. Pp 42 No 4 McGoldrick, P and Davies (1995) International Retailing Trends and Strategies. London Financial Times Liftman publishing. Mellahi, k. Frynas, G. J and Finlay, P. (2005) Global Strategic Management; Oxford University Press. Great Clarendon, Oxford OX2 6DP Omar, O. (1999) Retail Marketing, Pearson Education, London. Treadgold, A. (1988) Retailing without frontiers; Retailing and Distribution Management 10 (6).8-12 Salmon, W.J. and Tordjman, A. (1989) The internationalization of Retailing, International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 18. No. 5 pp. 3-14. Tread gold, A. (1990a) The Emerging Internationalisation of Retailing: Present Status and Future Challenges, Irish Marketing Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp.11-27. Williams, D. (1992) “Motives for retailer international: their impact, structure, and implication’’, Journal of Marketing Management, 8: 269-85. WWW. IGD .com “What is the UK grocery market?’’ Retrieved 01-09-2007. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-18-28-14-PM.pdf Abisoye Oyewale Kareem Grocery Retailing internationalization culture shopping consumer market and homogeneity 616259 84 0

63 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=63 2012-02-28 This article identifies and examines the principles and role of social auditing and discusses its relevance in educational institutions. Social auditing is deemed to be of relevance in as much as it helps to derive information on perception of stakeholders about not only the institution but also the workforce. It identifies some of the ideas that could enable the institution to reach its goals and objectives. The article focused on the role of the lecturer within an educational institution. As a channel of imparting knowledge, the lecturer’s performance in any given time is examined in relation to the course outline, indicating the goals set by the lecturer for the course, and the lecturer’s evaluation forms completed by both the students and other stakeholders. The importance of a course outline and an evaluation form is seen in their ability to generate feedback to the university administration and lecturers on their performance during a specified period. Applying social auditing principles in educational institutions is therefore aimed to increasing the efficiency of information gathering about whether the institution is meetings its goals and objectives. In addition, it brings to fore the required recommendations needed in ensuring that lecturers are efficient and also to aid management in decision making Audit and Assurance Services (ACCA Paper 3.1) Textbook. (2004), published by Foulks Lynch Ltd. Robertson, C. Jack. (1993). Auditing. Irwin, USA. Arens, Alvin A. And Loebbecke, James K. (1994) Auditing: An Integrated Approach, 6th Edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc., USA. Sharma, S.D. (2003). Auditing: Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition. Taxman Allied Services (P.) Ltd., India. Boyd, Graham (1998), Boyd, Social Auditing: A method of determining impact.  Buchholz, R. (1982). Business Environment and Public Policy, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Bailey, Larry P. (1979). Contemporary Auditing. Harper & Row Publishers, USA. Marsden, J. (1991). Evaluation: Towards a definition and statement of purpose. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 7(1), 31-38.  O’Reilly, Vincent M., McDonnell, Patrick J., Wonograd, Barry N., Gerson, James S., and Jaenicke, Henry R. (1998). Montgomery’s Auditing, 12th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA. www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet7/marsden.html  www.caledonia.org.uk/socialland/social.htm - 19k www.caledonia.org.uk/socialland/social.htm - 19k www.curriculum.cc.ca.us/Curriculum/DevelopCurOutline/RoleCourseOutline.htm - 22k) www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad346e/ad346e09.htm www62.gu.edu.au/policylibrary.nsf/0/38f40da0c9fb61c14a256b89006365b6?opendocument - 82k )  https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-18-29-14-PM.pdf Isaac Owusu-Dankwa . 589885 89 0

64 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=64 2012-02-28 The primary aim of our research was to establish the effect of privatization on employee’s welfare. And to do that, questionnaires which sought to compare elements of employee’s welfare (before and after privatization) were administered to current employees who were in the company before the privatization. Interviews were also conducted with the management of our case study; Ghana Agro  Food Company (GAFCO), on various post-privatization organizational changes. Conclusions drawn from the analysis of the data collected indicated that privatization has had a mixed effect on employee’s welfare. We hope our findings shall help employees of privatized companies reappraise their apprehensions towards privatization while governments and managers of privatized companies devise means to minimise the seemingly negative impact of privatization on employee’s welfare Adams, S.T. (1965), “Injustices in Social Exchange”, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2nd edn, ed. L. Berkowitz, Academic Press, New York. Anbumani, V. et al, (1994) “Economics of Privatization: Emerging Theoretical Issues” in Economics of Privatization – Issues and Options, edited by Bebendra Kumar Das and Vishnudeo Bhagat, Beep and Deep Publications, New Delhi. Daft, R.L. (1982), “Bureaucratic vrs. Non-bureaucratic structure in the process of Innovation and Change,” in Perspectives in Organizational Sociology: Theory and Research, ed. Samuel B. Bacharach, JAI Press, Greenwich, Conn.129-166. Dick, B.W. (1987), Privatization in the UK: The Free Market Versus State Control, (Longman Economics Series), Longman Group Resources, York. Donaldson, T and Preston, L. E. (1995), “The stakeholder Theory of the Corporation Concepts, Evidence and Implications”, Academy of Management Review20, no, 1. Burns, T. and Stalker, G.M. (1961), The Management of Innovation, Tavistock Publications, London. Dougherty, D. and Hardy, C. (1996), “Sustained Product Innovation in Large, Mature organizations: Overcoming Innovation-to- Organization Problems” Academy of Management Journal 39, no.5.  Dzakpasu, C.( 2005 ), “Privatization and Management Development in Africa”, in Interdepartmental Action Programme on Privatization, Restructuring and Economic Democracy, Working Paper, IPRED-10. Divestiture Implementation Committee, (2003), Fact File, DIC, Accra.   Fisher, C. (2004), Researching and Writing a Dissertation for Business Students, Prentice Hall, London. Hemming, J. and Mansoor, R. (1988), Insights into Privatizations, Collins Press, New York. Herzberg, F. (1966), Work and the Nature of Man, Staples Press, London. Hollander, E.P. and Offermann, L.R (1990), “Power and Leadership in  Organizations”, American Psychologist 45. Jasinski, P. and Yarrow, G. (1996), “Privatisation: An overview of the Issues”  in Privatisation; Critical perspectives on the World Economy (Vol I) edited by George Yarrow and Piotr Jasinski, Routledge, London. Lundy, O. and Cowling, A (1996), Strategic Human Resource Management, Routledge, London.  Maslow, A. (1954), Motivation and Personality, Harper & Row, New York. Mayo, E. (1949), the social problems of an Industrial civilization,  Routledge & Kegan Paul, London Roberts, N.C. and king, P. J. (1989), “The stakeholder Audit Goes Public,” Organisational Dynamics (winter).63-70.  Saunders, M., et al, (2003), Research methods for Business Students (3rd edn), Pearson Education Limited, England. Steers, R.M. and Porter, l. W. (1983) eds., Motivation and the Work Behaviour, 3rd , McGraw-Hill, New York. Taylor, F.W. (1947), Scientific Management, Harper & Row, New York. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London Thierry, H. (1992), “Pay and Payment systems”, in Employee Relations,  Hartley, J. and Stephenson, G. (eds), Blackwell, Oxford Vroom, V.H. (1964), Work and Motivation, Wiley, New York https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-18-30-12-PM.pdf Frank Bamfo Prof. P. R. Banerjee Privatization Organizational change Employees’ welfare 563565 97 0

65 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=65 2012-02-28 There are over 8 lakh chemists in India. A number of studies on medical stores and community pharmacists reveal that drug retailers do nothing but sell drugs. Organized retail is facilitator for wellness of the customer. Organized chain of pharmacy retailing is planning massive expansion in the next few years and proposes to penetrate Indian market. The study examines, the international and domestic scenario of Pharmacy Retailing, the challenges the sector is likely to face and the strategies it can consider adopting to meet these challenges. The study is based on the report published, latest changes in the government rulings and industry specific research ACNielson, (Apr 5,2005), “Your Pharmacy Matters”, Scan Track, Pharmacy Bulletin,  Chandrashekar P., (Feb 15, 2001), “Retailing in India: trends & Oppourtunity”, Business Line: Catalysts Dominic K.,( March 2007), “Indian Retail an Overview”, Network Magazine,  Fortune,( 2007), World’s Most Admired Companies,  Gupta G., (January 30, 2007), “Pharma Chains Joins the Retail Revolution”, Rediff News  IBIS World, (2002), “Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic and Toiletry Retailing in Australia”, Published by IBIS, Australia  Kaushik N.,( July 10, 2003),” Pharma’s Retail Push”, Business Line  Singh Vikram (2003), “Organized food retailing: Few Cases”, Spice, The National School of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), Vol. 1, No. 7 Warrier S.,(Feb 5,2007), “Success Story of Shubhiksha, India’s Largest Retail Chain”, Rediff News,  www.healthsense.com.au https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-18-31-45-PM.pdf Dr. Mrinalini Shah Dr. Sumi Jha . 573639 89 0

66 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=66 2012-02-28 The average age of a Ghanaian lecturer is over 50 years and the number of lecturers has declined over the years. What is undermining young and energetic qualified graduates from lecturing still remain unsolved. This paper therefore, intends to identify the motivational strategies and working conditions that existed in Ghanaian universities from 2000-2006 in order to make practical recommendations on how to improve staff motivation to help solve the issue of declining lecturers. For the purposes of in-depth analysis, one public and one private university were selected as case study. The work revealed that, factors that may motivate a public university lecturer may differ from one in the private university and the need for managers of universities to refrain from making wholesale assumption in their managerial style is imperative in order to prevent unwarranted policies that may put off young graduates from lecturing as a profession Bowen, B. E., & Radhakrishna, R. B. (1991). Job satisfaction of agricultural education faculty: A constant phenomena. Journal of Agricultural Education, 32 (2). 16-22.  Buford, J. A., Jr. (1990). Extension management in the information age. Journal of Extension, 28 (1).  Buford, J. A., Jr., Bedeian, A. G., & Lindner, J. R. (1995). Management in Extension (3rd ed.). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Extension.  Ghana web article By Matthew Karikari-Ababio Friday, 31 March 2006  Kovach, K. A. (1987). What motivates employees? Workers and supervisors give different answers. Business Horizons, 30. 58-65.  Kreitner, R. (1995). Management (6th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.  Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, July 1943. 370-396.  Newstimesonline.com-Unemployment problems in Ghana  Schermerhorn, John R. et al.(2000) Organizational Behavior ,p.101 – 121. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. New York: Free Press.  Tabloids-feature article -28 June 2003-www.ghanaweb http://www.joe.org/joe/1998june/rb3.html  http:/www.aau.org/eng;idh/documents/dakar02.pdf https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-18-32-48-PM.pdf Prof. P. R. Banerjee Bernard Lawer Tetteh-Dumanya Irene Ohenewah Apea Job satisfaction motivation Lecturers 574595 77 0

67 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=67 2012-02-28 In the present research the detail stress analysis has been carried out using Kirsch’s equation inscribing circular roof of the tunnel. A computer program using FORTRAN has been developed in order to calculate the stresses in and around the tunnel opening. It is observed from the analyses that the maximum principal stresses are found at the corner of the arc of the opening. At the corner compressive stress is active whereas tensile stress is prevails on the top of the roof. We compared the different stresses whose are active surrounding the Roadway tunnel with strength of the rock and try to predict the possible failure. Strength of rock of different categories is determined from laboratory tests and found that the rock strength are 105 Mpa, 70 Mpa and 40 Mpa of rock categories I, II & III respectively. It is mentioned that rock are categorized on the basis of joint spacing. According to the stress distribution, the stress-induced failure could be occurred around the corner of the arc at initial period of tunnel construction. The line of failure was determined using uniaxial compressive strength of rock and the maximum and minimum principal stresses. It is found that notches and failed region are larger in rock category-III Brady B.H & Brown E.T., 1985, Rock Mechanics for underground mining, Gorge Allen     and Unwin, London, p 527. Guha, D.K., 1978.Tectonic Framework and oil and gas prospect of Bangladesh. Proc., of     4th Annual Conference, Bangladesh Geological Society, Dhaka. pp 65-78. Hoek, E & Brown, E.T., 1982, Underground Excavation in Rock, 3rd Edition, The     Institution of mining and metallurgy, London, p 520. Hoek E & Bray J, 1985. Rock Slope Engineering, 3rd Edition, The Institution of mining     and metallurgy, London, p 358. Martin, C.D., 1997, Seventeenth Canadian Geotechnical colloquium: The effect of     cohesion loss and stress-path on brittle rock strength. Can. Geotech. J, 34(5): pp.     698-725.  Martin, C.D. Kaiser, P.K. and McGrath, D.R., 1999, Hoek and Brown’s parameters for     Predicting depth of brittle failure around tunnels. Can. Geotech. J.vol.32. p 136-    149. NAMNAM, 1999. Geological reports of boreholes drilling of Madhyapara Hard rock     Mining Project (Revision). Unpublished report of MHM p 141. NAMNAM, 2001.Geological survey data of underground Roadway of Madhyapara Hard     Rock Mining Project Unpublished report, pp. 1-16. Ortlepp, W.D., O’Ferral, R.C., and Wilson, J. W. 1972. Support methods in tunnels.     Association of Mine Managers of South Africa, Papers and Discussion, pp. 167–    195.  Ortlepp, W.D. 1997. Rock fracture and rockbursts – an illustrative study. Monograph           Series M9. The South Africian Institute of Min- ing and Metallurgy,     Johannesburg. Rahman, M.A., Mia, I., and Blank, and B.R. 1984. Gravity and Magnetic investigation in     Badargonj- Nowabgonj-Hilli and adjoining areas, Rangpur and Dinajpur Districts     Bangladesh. Records of Geological Survey of Bangladesh (unpublished). Sakurai1993, Sakurai, S. 1993. Back analysis in rock engineering. Comprehensive Rock     Engineering - Excavation, Support and Monitoring. Vol. 4. Edited by J.A. Hudson.     Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 543–569. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-18-33-24-PM.pdf Islam M. S1 Chowdhury Q2 Saumitra Narayan Deb3 Mashkovtsev I. L.4 Stress Uniaxial compressive strength Notch Achaean basement complex Madhyapara Bangladesh 1. Lecturer Department of Petroleum & Georesources Engineering Shahjalal University of Science & Technology Sylhet-3114 Bangladesh 2. Associate professor Department of Geology & Mining Rajshahi Uni 588859 79 0